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4th yr- CMS- Neuroanatomy > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What is a neurone

A

The most basic functional unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

Where are neurones found

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
  3. Peripheries
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3
Q

What is the nervous system split into

A
  1. Central

2. Peripheral

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4
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of

A

The brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of

A
  1. Somatic

2. Autonomic

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6
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do

A

Controls external actions of skin and muscles

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7
Q

What doe sth autonomic nervous system do

A

Controls internal activities of organs and glands

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8
Q

What is the autonomic peripheral nervous system split into

A
  1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

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9
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system also described as

A

Fight or flight

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10
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system also described as

A

Rest and digest

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11
Q

Name to 2 types of matter found in the brain and spinal cord

A

White

Grey

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12
Q

What is grey matter made up of

A

Nerve cell bodies

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13
Q

What is white matter made up of

A

Nerve axons

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14
Q

What other words do we sometimes use to describe grey matter

A

Nuclei (CNS)

Ganglia

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15
Q

Give examples of words we can use to describe a group of nerve axons

A

Fascles
Lemincus
Pathway
Tract

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16
Q

What is a gyrus

A

Fold

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17
Q

What is a sulcus in the brain

A

Groove h

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18
Q

What can be found in the gyri

A

Grey matter

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19
Q

Name the different parts of the brain

A
  1. Cerebral hemisphere
  2. Cerebellum
  3. The brain stem
  4. Thalamus
  5. Hypothalamus
  6. Corpus callous
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20
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum

A

Co ordinates movement and plays a role in balance

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21
Q

What is the brain stem made up of

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
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22
Q

What is the role of the thalamus

A

It an important relay station where sensory information is received from the body and the thalamus decides where the information goes

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23
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus

A

Plays a role in maintaining autonomic function (homeostasis)

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24
Q

Describe the corpus callosum

A

It is an area of white matter fibres that connects the left and right hemisphere

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25
Q

When looking at an inferior view of the brain what can we see

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

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26
Q

What so the cranial nerves do

A

They supply the head and neck region

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27
Q

What makes cranial nerve 1 and 2 different to the other cranial nerves

A

They are extensions of the forebrain whereas 3-12 are extension of the brainstem

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28
Q

Name cranial nerve V

A

Trigeminal nerve

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29
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve arise from

A

The pons

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30
Q

What system is present in the brain and what does this system describe

A

The ventricular system which describes spaces found in the brain

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31
Q

Name the different ventricles found In the brain

A
  1. Lateral ventricle
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Fourth ventricle
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32
Q

Where is the lateral ventricle found

A

In both hemispheres

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33
Q

Where is the third ventricle found

A

Between the thalamus in each hemisphere

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34
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle found

A

In the brainstem (posterior to the brainstem and anterior to the cerebellum)

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35
Q

Why is the ventricular system so important

A

As it is where production and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid happens

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36
Q

What is the cerebrospinal fluid

A

It is a specialised fluid that bathes the structures of the central nervous system

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37
Q

What does the Cerebrospinal fluid act as

A
  1. Shock absorber
  2. adds buoyancy to the spinal cord and brain
  3. Acts as a medium to remove case products
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38
Q

What is the 4th ventricle continuous with

A

The central canal of the spinal cord

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39
Q

How many spinal cord segments are there?

A

31

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40
Q

What is the spinal cord split into

A
  1. 8 Cervical
  2. 12 Thoracic
  3. 5 Lumbar
  4. 5 Sacral
  5. 1 Coccygeal
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41
Q

How many cervical spinal cord segments are there?

A

8

C1-C8

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42
Q

How many Thoracic spinal cord segments are there?

A

12

T1-T12

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43
Q

How many Lumbar spinal cord segments are there?

A

5

L1-L5

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44
Q

How many Sacral spinal cord segments are there?

A

5

S1-S5

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45
Q

How many Coccygeal spinal cord segments are there?

A

1

Co1

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46
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by

A

The vertebrae of the body

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47
Q

What does each spinal cord segment give rise to

A

1 pair of spinal nerves

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48
Q

How many spinal nerves do we have in total

A

62 (31 pairs)

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49
Q

What is the spinal nerves system called

A

Peripheral nervous system

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50
Q

What is the cranial nerve system called

A

Central nervous system

51
Q

How do we describe spinal nerves

A

As mixed nerves as they have both sensory and motor fibres

52
Q

Sensory fibres are also known as

A

Afferent fibres

53
Q

What is an afferent fibre

A

A fibre going from the body to the CNS

54
Q

Motor fibres are also known as

A

Efferent fibres

55
Q

What is an efferent fibre

A

A fibre going from the CNS to the body

56
Q

Name some important sulci we should be aware of

A
  1. Central sulcus
  2. Lateral sulcus
  3. Parieto-occipital sulucs
  4. Calcarine sulcus
  5. Cingulate sulcus
57
Q

Name different lobes found in the brain

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Occipital lobe
  5. Limbic lobe
58
Q

What does the central sulci do

A

It divides the frontal lobe anteriorly from the parietal lobe posteriorly

59
Q

What does the lateral sulci do

A

It divides the frontal+parietal lobe superiorly from the temporal lobe inferiorly

60
Q

What is the frontal lobe known as

A

The motor cortex

61
Q

What is the frontal lobe in charge of

A

Planning, judgement and behaviour

62
Q

What is the parietal lobe known as

A

The sensory cortex

63
Q

What is the parietal lobe in charge of

A

Language and comprehension

Spatial orientation

64
Q

What is the temporal lobe known as

A

The auditory cortex

65
Q

What is the temporal lobe in charge of

A

Regulating emotion and memory

66
Q

What is the occipital lobe known as

A

Visual cortex

67
Q

What does the Parieto-occipital sulucs do

A

It divides the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

68
Q

What does the limbic lobe do

A

Important for memory and emotion

69
Q

what is the cerebral cortex further subdivided into

A
  1. Primary projection areas
  2. Association areas
  3. Lateralisation of function
70
Q

What is the primary projection area split into

A

Sensory and motor

71
Q

what does the sensory primary projection area describe

A

Area where specific sensory pathways terminate

72
Q

What does the motor primary projection area describe

A

Where the major descending motor pathways originate

73
Q

What do we mean by association areas of the cerebral cortex

A

The rest of the cerebral area that does not fall into the primary projection areas

74
Q

Name some gyri we should be aware of

A
  1. Precentral gyrus
  2. Postcentral gyrus
  3. Hechl gyrus
75
Q

What is found just anteriorly to the central sulcus

A

Precentral gyrus

76
Q

What is the precentral gyrus

A

It is the primary motor cortex

77
Q

Why is the precental gyrus significant

A

It is the area where key motor fibre pathways originate (primary motor cortex)

78
Q

What is found posterior to the central sulcus

A

Postcentral gyrus

79
Q

What is the post central gyrus

A

The primary somatosensory area

80
Q

Why is the post central gyrus significant

A

It is the area where what we feel is brought to awareness

81
Q

What do we find at the top of the temporal lobe

A

Hechl gyrus

82
Q

What is the Hechl Gyrus also known as

A

The primary auditory cortex

83
Q

What is found above and below the Calcarine sulcus

A

The primary visual cortex

84
Q

What can happen if we have a lesion in our precentral gyrus

A

Can lead to Paralysis

85
Q

What can happen if we have a lesion in our post central gyrus

A

Can lead to loss of sensation

86
Q

What can happen if we have a lesion in hechls gyrus

A

can lead to deafness

87
Q

What can happen if we have a lesion in our primary visual cortex

A

Can lead to blindness

88
Q

How are the pre post central gyri organised

A

In a somatotopic way

89
Q

What do we mean by somatotopic organisation

A

Every area of the body is given a different part of the pre and post central gyri
Some body parts may have a bigger part

90
Q

Why do some parts of the body have a larger corresponding space on the pre and post central gyri

A

Due to variation in the number of nerve endings in different areas the body
EG hands have a lot of nerve endings so have a larger portion of the gyri

91
Q

Which parts of the body are most sensory sensitive

A
  1. Hands
  2. Lips
  3. Tongue
92
Q

What do sensory fibres need to pass before they can reach the post central gyrus

A

Must pass the spinal cod to the thalamus before reaching the post central gyrus

93
Q

What do association areas surround

A

The primary areas

94
Q

Name the different association areas

A
  1. Motor association
  2. Frontal eye field
  3. Somatosensory association
  4. Visual association
  5. Auditory association
95
Q

What surrounds the pre central gyrus

A

Motor association area

96
Q

What does the motor association area do

A

Starts the planning of the how we might perform a certain movement or action

97
Q

What is found in the motor association area

A

The frontal eye field

98
Q

What is the significance of the frontal eye field

A

It plans the movement of our eyes

99
Q

What surrounds the post central gyrus

A

Somatosensory association area

100
Q

What does the somatosensory association area do

A

Gives meaning to the somatosensory information we receive from the body

101
Q

What does the visual association area do

A

It gives meaning to the visual information we receive

102
Q

What can damage to the secondary sensory areas lead to

A

Disorders fo understanding- Agnosia

103
Q

What happens in agnosia

A

Awareness of the sensation remains but significance of the sensation is lost so we can’t differentiate sensations

104
Q

What can damage to the secondary motor areas lead to

A

Inability to carry out purposive movements although there is no paralysis- apraxia

105
Q

What happens in apraxia

A

Leads to inability to perform learned movements

106
Q

What is the general association cortex involved in

A

Involved in more complex aspects of behavioural and intellectual functioning

107
Q

Name soem geral association cortexes

A
  1. Prefrontal cortex

2. Parieto temporal cortex

108
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do

A
  1. Regulates moods and feelings
  2. Involved in higher cognitive function
  3. Conceptulisation, planning and judgement
109
Q

What does the Pareto-temporal cortex do

A
  1. Integrates information of different modalities

2. Involved in memory

110
Q

What does cerebral dominance refer to

A

Having a dominant hemisphere that houses the areas specialised for linguistic function

111
Q

Which hemisphere is usually the dominant one

A

In right handed people the left

112
Q

What can cerebral dominance also be referred as

A

Lateralisation of function

113
Q

What is agnosia

A

Disorders of understanding

114
Q

What is apraxia

A

The inability to carry out purposive movements when paralysis haste occurred

115
Q

what is apraxia caused by

A

Damage to secondary motor areas

116
Q

Name the areas of the Brain specialised fo linguistic function

A
  1. Wernicke’s area

2. Broca’s area

117
Q

What is Wernicke’s area in charge of

A

Understanding written and spoken language

the sensory and receptive aspects of language

118
Q

What is Wernicke’s area also called

A

The posterior area

119
Q

Where is Broca’s area found and what is it also referred to as

A

In the frontal lobe

also known as the anterior area

120
Q

What is Broca’s area in charge of

A

Motor or expressive aspects of language

In charge of production and vocalisation of sound

121
Q

What can damage to any of the linguistic areas of the brain lead to

A

Aphasia:
Inability to understand language
OR
Inability to correctly articulate speech

122
Q

An inability to understand language is referred to as

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

123
Q

An inability to correctly articulate speech is referred to as

A

Broca’s aphasia

4th yr- CMS- Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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