Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?
A
- Central nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
2
Q
What makes up the central nervous system
A
- brain and spinal cord
3
Q
Name the 3 swellings during brain development that appear around the 4th week?
A
- prosencephalon
- mesencephalon
- rhombencephalon
4
Q
At weeks 6-8 of brain development how many swellings are there?
A
- there are 5 swellings
5
Q
The thalamus and hypothalamus originate from which swelling?
A
- diencephalon
6
Q
The midbrain originates from what swelling?
A
- mesencephalon
7
Q
What is the brainstem composed of?
A
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
8
Q
Dendrites take information ___to/away___ from the cell
A
- information towards cell body (soma)
9
Q
Axons carry information ___to/away___ from the cell
A
- away from the cell body
10
Q
Name the 4 glial cells
A
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- microglia
- ependymal
11
Q
What are glial cells
A
- support the CNS
12
Q
Role of oligodendrocytes?
A
- produce myelin
13
Q
Role of the astrocytes
A
- support
- maintain blood brain barrier
14
Q
Role of microglia
A
- immune monitoring and antigen presenting
15
Q
What is the shape of ependymal glial cells?
A
- ciliated cuboidal/columnar cells
- line the ventricles
16
Q
What are the names of the ridges and hills on the brain?
A
- ridges = sulcus
- hill = gyrus
17
Q
A large deep sulcus is termed?
A
- fissure
18
Q
Generally in the brain what lies most superior? White matter or grey?
A
- grey matter more superior
- however there is deep grey matter around the lateral ventricle
19
Q
White matter contains?
A
- axons and their supporting cells
20
Q
In the spinal cord what lies most superior? White or grey matter
A
- white matter
- grey matter forms a horn in the middle
21
Q
What does grey matter contain
A
- neurons
- cells processes
- synapses and supporting cells
22
Q
From a cross-section of the spinal cord how can you tell anterior from posterior?
A
- posteriorly the grey matter horn is separated by less white matter
23
Q
Name the lobes of the brain?
A
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal
24
Q
Where does the parietal lobe lie?
A
- posterior to the central sulcus
- superior to lateral sulcus
- anterior from line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the parnaoccipital notch
25
Where does the temporal lobe lie?
- inferior to the lateral sulcus
26
Where is the insular lobe found?
- deep within the brain
| - important for the experience of pain
27
Name the 3 meninges?
| From superior to deep
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
28
What fills the lateral ventricles?
- CSF
29
What connects the lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle
- inter-ventricular foramen
| - aka. foramen of monroe
30
What connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th?
- cerebral aqueduct
31
Name the region within the 3rd ventricle where the 2 thalamus's touch?
- inter thalamic adhesion
32
What secretes CSF?
- Choroid plexus
33
Name the nervous system associated with the gut?
- eneteric nervous system
34
The circle of willis is an anastomosis between?
- the internal carotid and basilar system
35
Where does blood from the brain drain? and where to?
- drains into a system of dural venous sinuses
| - into the internal jugular vein
36
Where does the spinal cord end?
- L1/L2
37
What does the spinal nerve pass through once the anterior and posterior rami combine?
- intervertebral foramen
38
The sensory roots are __anterior/posterior___
- posterior
39
The motor roots are __anterior/posterior___
- anterior
40
What is the filum terminale?
- anchors the spinal cord
41
What separates the dura mater and ligamentum flavum in the spinal cord?
- epidural fat
42
What are the 3 major divisions of the arterial supply of the spinal cord
- major longitudinal (3 divisions)
- segmental arteries
- radicular arteries
43
There are __1 or 2 __ posterior spinal arteries at the spinal cord?
- 2
44
Venous drainage of the spinal cord drains into what on the spinal cord?
- drain into the internal and external vertebral plexuses
45
What is the location of the brain called where information from body regions is processed?
- primary somatosensory cortex
46
What happens to the amount of white matter as you descend the spinal cord?
- it occupies a smaller proportion
47
What are the names of the 2 ascending spinal tracts?
- dorsal column tract
| - spinothalamic tract
48
What is the dorsal column medial lemniscus tract (DCML) responsible for?
- fine touch and conscious proprioception
49
Where does the DCML tract desusscate? (swap sides)
- medulla
50
Fasciculus gracilis of the DCML tract is responsible for which part of the body?
- lower part
51
The fasciculus cuneatus of the DCML is responsible for what part of the body?
- upper body
52
What does the DCML travel within?
- medial lemniscus
53
What is the role of the spinal thalamic tract?
- pain, temperature and deep pressure
- anterior = crude touch and pressure
- lateral = pain and temperature
54
What is different between the DCML and spinal thalamic tract in terms of the 1st neuron?
- the 1st neurone in the spinothalamic is much shorter and synapses before medulla
55
What does it mean 'fibres decussate'
- cross sides
56
The spinal thalamic tract travels within?
- spinal lemniscus
57
where is the primary motor cortex located?
- precentral gyrus
58
What is the role of the corticospinal tracts?
- fine precise movement
59
Decussation of the pyramids is in reference to what tract?
- corticospinal tract
60
Crossed fibres in the corticospinal tract then enter?
- lateral corticospinal tract
61
Uncrossed fibres in the corticospinal tract then enter?
- anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract
| - cross segmentally
62
Damage to the internal capsule can cause?
- a lack of descending control of the corticospinal tract
63
Corticospinal tracts travel within?
- the internal capsule
64
Vestibulospinal tract is responsible for what?
- posture and balance
65
Which is more medial? The cuneate or gracile nucleus?
- the gracilis is more medial
66
Where is the cerebellum located?
- inferior to temporal and occipital lobes
67
What is the function of the cerebellum?
- coordination of movement
68
On the brain the hill regions are called gyrus, in the cerebellum what is the gyrus now referred as?
- folia
69
What separates the anterior and posterior lobe of the cerebellum?
- primary fissure
70
What is located at the base of cerebellum, known as the 3rd lobe
- flocculus
71
What separates the posterior brain from cerebellum?
- Tentorium cerebelli
72
In the cerebellum what lies most superior, the grey or white matter?
- grey matter superiorly
- white matter internally
- however, deep cerebellar nuclei is present which is grey
73
What afferent information enters the cerebellum and what cell do they mainly target?
- spinal cord
- cerebral cortex
- vestibular apparatus
- input to granular layer
74
Efferent projections of the cerebellum are from what cells?
- purkinje cells
| - input from granular cells synapse with the purkinje cells
75
What are the 3 regions of the cerebellum?
- spinocerebellum
- pontocerebellum
- vestibulocerebellum
76
What is the most midline structure in the cerebellum?
- spinocerebellum
| - postural control
77
Midline lesion in the cerebellum may present in a patient as?
- loss of postural control
| - limb movement normal
78
Lesion in the right pontocerebellum will affect what side of the body
- right side
| - ipsilateral control
79
What are the functions of basal ganglia
- to facilitate purposeful movement
- inhibit undated movements
- role in posture and muscle tone
80
What basal ganglia inhibits movements?
- globus pallidus
81
Where is the basal ganglia found
- found within the cerebral hemisphere
82
What makes up the striatum
- caudate nucleus
| - putamen
83
In terms of Parkinson's disease what happens to the basal ganglion
-Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra
84
Explain the effect of direct pathway ion basal ganglion
- enhances outflow of the thalamus
| - enhances desired movement
85
Explain the effect of the indirect pathway?
- inhibits outflow of thalamus
86
Direct basal ganglia pathway turns ___on/off___ the thing that causes inhibition
- turns off
| - excitatory pathway
87
Indirect basal ganglia pathway turns ___on/off___ the thing that causes inhibition
- turns on
| - inhibitory pathway
88
A unilateral lesion in the basal ganglion will have a ___ipsilateral/contralateral__ affect
- contralateral
89
Dysfunction of basal ganglion will have what affect on movement?
- involuntary movements
| - asymmetrical movements
90
What division of the basal ganglia is involved in the indirect pathway?
- subthalamic nucleus
91
What basal ganglia division delivers dopamine?
- substantia nigra
92
What is unique about the olfactory nerve?
- nerve fibres are exposed to the external environment
| - regenerated every 4-weeks
93
Where is information from the olfactory nerve processed?
- primary olfactory area
| - frontal and temporal lobe
94
What causes the sensory nuclei to move from the posterior aspect of the developing neural tube to the lateral aspect?
- development of the 4th ventricle
95
During the development of the 4th ventricle where is the motor nuclei moved to?
- moved from the anterior position to the medial aspect
96
Where does CN III, IV, VI exit?
- the midbrain
97
Where does CN III exit the midbrain and what side do the nerve fibres exit?
- exits via the superior colliculus
| - nerve fibres exit anteriorly
98
Where does CN IV exit the midbrain and what side do the nerve fibres exit?
- Inferior colliculus
| - nerve fibers exit posteriorly
99
Where does CN VI exit the brain stem?
- pons
| - anteriorly
100
Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the midbrain?
- leaves via the hypoglossal nucleus
| - in the medulla oblongata
101
What are the 3 trigeminal sensory nucleuses?
- mesencephalic
- pontine
- spinal
102
Where does the efferent motor component of the trigeminal nerve leave?
- motor nucleus
| - upper pons
103
What is unique about the mesencephalic nucleus of the sensory CN V
- Only site in CNS where the cell bodies of the primary afferent neurones live inside the CNS
104
Except a division of the trigeminal nerve (mesecencephalic nucleus) where are cell bodies of primary afferent neurones located
- all located outwit the CNS
105
The facial nerve is from what division of the brain stem?
- lower pons
106
What is unique about the motor axons from the facial nerve?
- wrap around abducens nucleus then enters anteriorly
107
Parasympathetic facial nucleus?
- salivatory nucleus
108
Taste facial nucleus?
- solitary nucleus
109
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve leave the brainstem?
- upper medulla
110
Tactile sense nucleus glossopharyngeal nerve?
- solitary nucleus
111
Where does the vagus nerve leave the brainstem?
- upper medulla
112
Nucleus ambiguus is associate with what cranial nerves
- CN IX , X
113
Salivatory nuclei is associated with what cranial nerves?
- CN VII, IX
114
Solitary nucleus is associated with what cranial nerves?
- CN VII, IX, X
115
What is the corticobulbar tract?
- part of the pyramidal tract that is motor to cranial nerves
116
What is the reticular formation
- contains various nuclei with numerous ascending and descending tracts
117
Function of the reticular formation
- integrates cranial nerve reflexes
- regulates sleep and respiration
- influence on voluntary movements
118
What occurs if a bilateral lesion impacts the reticular formation?
- irreversible coma
119
What are the cranial nerve nuclei?
- the point where cranial nerves synapse
120
What is the role of the cochlea
- converts mechanical energy into electrical impulses
121
What are the 3 tubes of the cochlea?
- scala vestibula
- scala media
- scala tympani
122
How many turns are there in the cochlea?
- 2.5 turns
123
Where does the organ of corti lie?
- basilar membrane
124
What is the spiral ganglion of the cochlea?
- bipolar neurons
- stimulated by hair cells carrying action potentials
- carry APs to cochlear nuclei in pons
125
Where do action potentials for the vestibulocochlear nerve synapse?
- cochlear nuclei in pons
126
Above the cochlea nuclei are __unilateral/bilateral__
- bilateral
| - unilateral hearing loss suggests pathology before the cochlea nuclei
127
Where is the primary auditory area?
- superior temporal gyrus
128
Where do high frequency sounds map on the auditory cortex?
- anterolateral part
| - low frequency = posteriomedial
129
Low frequency sounds in the cochlea form where?
- top of the spiral
| - high frequency at the bottom of the spiral
130
Explain the journey of auditory APs?
- cochlea
- pontomedullary junction (cochlea nuclei)
- crossing at the trapezoid body
- through the nucleus of lateral lemniscus
- through inferior colliculus
- inferior brachium
- medial geniculate nucleus
- auditory radiation to auditory cortex
131
Where does crossing over of auditory information occur?
- trapezoid body
132
Define aphasia?
- inability to use language
133
Damage to where in the brain can cause expressive aphasia?
- Broca's area
| - understands language but can't express
134
Damage to where in the brain can cause receptive aphasia?
- Wernicke's area
| - difficulty comprehending language
135
Which potion of the vestibularcochlear nerve is responsible for balance?
- vestibular
- semicircular canals (rotational)
- saccule and utricle (horizontal)
136
What gives information on static movement? Forward acceleration?
- saccule
| - utricle
137
What is the cranial nerve nuclei responsible for balance?
- vestibular nuclei
138
What cranial nerve nuclei is responsible for hearing
- cochlear nuclei
139
Vestibular nuclei communicates with what other regions?
- cerebellum
- spinal cord
- thalamus
- CN nuclei III, IV, VI
140
There is no primary vestibular cortex?
True / False
- True
141
List the divisions of anatomy from the retinal ganglia to the lateral geniculate nucleus?
- retinal ganglia
- optic nerve
- optic chiasma
- optic tract
- lateral geniculate nucleus
- optic radiations
- primary visual cortex
142
Lateral geniculate nucleus is involved in what?
- vision
143
Medial geniculate nucleus is involved in what?
- hearing
144
Which portion of the retina crosses at the optic chiasma?
- the nasal retina
145
What information is carried in the right optic tract?
- information about the left visual world
146
Where do optic radiations radiate from and to?
- from the lateral geniculate nucleus
| - to visual cortex
147
Which brain lobe is the visual cortex found?
- occipital lobe
148
What sulcus separates the upper and lower visual fields?
- calcarine sulcus
149
Superior to the calcarine sulcus has the information of the ___lower/upper___ visual field?
- lower visual field
150
What creates Meyer's loop?
- the optic projections must go around the lateral ventricle to get to the inferior calcarine sulcus
151
Explain consensual light reflex?
- light in right eye causes both eyes to constrict
| - due to bilateral projections
152
Define hemianopia?
- blindness for half of the field of vision in one or both eyes
153
Describe dominant hemisphere
- high function tasks
| - one hemisphere make take the lead
154
Define association fibres?
- white matter track
| - Connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere
155
Define commissural fibres?
- white matter tracks
- connect one hemisphere to the other (corpus callosum)
- usually connecting areas with similar function
156
Define projection fibres?
- white matter tracks
| - connects hemispheres to deep structures including thalamus, corpus striatum, brain stem and spinal cord
