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Neuro Anatomy > Neuro1 > Flashcards

Neuro1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous
System.

A
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2
Q

Classification of the neurons

A

• Motor and Sensory
• Efferent and Afferent
• Golgi types
• Order neurons
• Upper and lower motor neurons

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3
Q

What are nucleus in the CNS

A

clearly separated group of cell bodies of
neurons inside CNS

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4
Q

____ is like a nucleus, but less clearly delineated

A

Sunstantia

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5
Q

What’s Ganglion

A

collection of somata in the PNS & one group in
the CNS basal ganglia

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6
Q

____ is bundle of CNS fibers (axons) with a common
origin and destination

A

Tract

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7
Q

____ are CNS fibers that have more than one origin and
destination

A

Bundle

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8
Q

What are Capsule

A

fibers connecting cerebrum with the brain
stem and other lower part of the brain

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9
Q

• Commissure
– group of fibers crossing the midline

A
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10
Q

Neuroglia Cells

A
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11
Q

Astrocytes are involved in

A

in the supportive structural and metabolic
activities.

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12
Q

Astrocytes are classified morphologicaly to ____ &____

A

Protoplasmic & Fibrous)–

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13
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes: These astrocytes have numerous short and branching processes that extend in all directions. They are primarily found in the gray matter of the CNS, particularly in the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex.

A
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14
Q

Fibrous astrocytes: These astrocytes have fewer processes compared to protoplasmic astrocytes, and their processes tend to be longer and less branched. They are primarily found in the white matter of the CNS, where they form a network of processes around blood vessels and axon bundles.

A
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15
Q

Oligodendrocytes functions

A

– Responsible for the
formation and maintenance of myelin sheath

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16
Q

Microglia function

A

specialized macrophages
capable of phagocytosis that protect neurons
of the central nervous system.

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17
Q

Ependymal cells are found in
And it’s functions

A

Also named ependymocytes,
line the cavities of the CNS and make up the
walls of the ventricles.

These cells create and secrete cerebrospinalfluid(CSF)
And beat their cilia to help circulate
that CSF.

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18
Q

Dorsal & ventral surfaces of the brain & the spinal cord

A

For the brain, it means towards the upper part of the head, and for the spinal cord, it means towards the back part of the body.

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19
Q

So, in summary, reflex actions involve a pathway that primarily goes to the spinal cord, but information about the reflex action is also transmitted to the brain for processing and coordination.

A
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20
Q

Reflect action is Controlled by a pathway that goes only to the
spinal cord, not the brain.

A
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21
Q

What are the components of the reflex arc

A

Receptor
– Sensory neuron
– Integration center
(CNS)
Motor neuron
– Effector

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22
Q

The spinal cord runs from ___ to _____

A

Foramen magnum to L1/L2 & L3 in new born

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23
Q

The spinal cord Occupies upper ___ of vertebral canal

A

⅔

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24
Q

The spinal cord is Surrounded by 3 layers of meninges namely

A

dura mater
– arachnoid mater
– pia mater

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25
Q

CSF is located in ____

A

subarachnoid space

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26
Q

External features of the spinal cord

A
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27
Q

Enlargement of the spinal cord is located in

A

Cervical and lumber

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28
Q

What are the external features of the spinal cord

A

• Enlargements: cervical & lumbar
• Conus medullaris
• Filum termniale
• Anterior median fissure
• Posterior median sulcus
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves attached to it by the
anterior roots & posterior roots.

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29
Q

Features of the Dura mata

A

Dense, strong fibrous membrane.
• Encloses the spinal cord & cauda equina.
• Separated from wall of vertebral canal by the extradural space
Contains loose areolar tissue & internal vertebral
venous space.

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30
Q

The Dura mata is Continuous above with meningeal layer of dura
covering the brain.

A
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31
Q

The Dura mata Ends at the level of .

A

S2

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32
Q

Which meningeal layer is impregnable

A

Arachnoid layer

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33
Q

Features of the arachnoid matter

A

• Delicate impermeable membrane.
• Lies between pia and dura mater.
• Separated from pia mater by subarachnoid
space.
Continuous above with arachnoid mater covering the brain

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34
Q

The arachnoid matter end @

A

Ends on filum terminale at level of S2

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35
Q

Which layer is a vascular membrane

A

Pia matter

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36
Q

Pia matter Thickenes on either side between nerve roots
to form the _____

A

ligamentum denticulatum

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37
Q

Is the ligamentum denticulatum paired or not

A
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38
Q

ligamentum denticulatum extends from ____to_____

A

pia mater to dura mater

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39
Q

ligamentum denticulatum function

A

It stabilize side-to-side movement

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40
Q

Each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord
via

A

two medial roots

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41
Q

Ventral roots arise from the ____ and
contain ____ fibers
• Dorsal roots arise from ____ in
the dorsal root ganglion and contain ______fibers

A

anterior horn, motor (efferent) fibers
sensory neurons, sensory
(afferent) fibers

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42
Q

The short spinal nerves branch into three or
four distal rami

In summary, the text explains how spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord through ventral and dorsal roots. The spinal nerves then split into smaller branches called distal rami, which include the dorsal ramus (for the back), ventral ramus (for limbs and trunk), and meningeal branch (for the protective membranes of the brain and spinal cord).

A
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43
Q

The first type of distal ramus is the small dorsal ramus. This nerve goes towards the and supplies the muscles and skin on it

A

back of the body

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44
Q

The second type is the larger ventral ramus. This nerve connects to ____

It supplies the muscles and skin of the ___&____

A

networks of nerves called plexuses or intercostal nerves.

limbs and trunk.

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45
Q

The third type is the _____

A

tiny meningeal branch. This nerve goes to the meninges, which are the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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46
Q

In the thoracic region (the middle part of the spine), there are additional nerves called ____

And it’s located @

A

rami communicantes

at the base of the ventral rami and have a connection to the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

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47
Q

The rami communicantes allow communication between the spinal nerves and the ANS in the thoracic region.

A
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48
Q

Lateral gray column (horn) present in ___&_____segments

A

thoracic
& upper lumbar

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49
Q

Note: Amount of gray matter related to the amount of muscle
innervated.

A
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50
Q

Variations in grey matter
Long & slender pst horn & broad and massive ant. Horn is a xteristic of ______ region of grey matter

A

Cervical (large and oval)

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51
Q

Variations in grey matter
Massive and ovoid pst horn & massive and ovoid ant. Horn is a xteristic of ______ region of grey matter

A

Sacral ( small and circular or quadrilateral)

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52
Q

Variations in grey matte
slender pst horn , slender ant. Horn & lat. Horn is a xteristic of ______ region of grey matter

A

Thoracic ( small and circular)

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53
Q

Variations in grey matter
Bulbus and short pst horn & bulbus and short ant. Horn is a xteristic of ______ region of grey matter

A

Lumber( large and circular)

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54
Q

While the spinal cord does contain some elements of the reticular formation, its primary location is within the brainstem

A
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55
Q

Nerve cells of the pst. Grey horn

A

4
Substantia gelatinosa
• Nucleus proprius
• Nucleus dorsalis
• Visceral afferent nucleus

56
Q

Features of Substantia gelatinosa

A

– situated at the apex
– throughout the length of spinal cord

57
Q

Substantia gelatinosa composed mainly of ______ neuron

A

Golgi Type II neurons

58
Q

Substantia gelatinosa receives afferent fibres concerning with ____, _____, &______ from?

A

Pain,temperature & touch from posterior root

59
Q

_____ is Anterior to substantia gelatinosa

A

Nucleus propria

60
Q

_____ makes the Main bulk of cells in posterior gray column

A

Nucleus propria

61
Q

Nucleus propria is Present throughout the whole length of spinal cord
T or F

A
62
Q

Nucleus propria Receives fibers from ____ that are assoc with ___, ___&____

A

posterior white column
proprioception, 2-point discrimination & vibration

63
Q

The base of the pst. Column is occupied by

A

Nucleus dorsalis

64
Q

Nucleus dorsalis is also called

A

(Clark’s column)

65
Q

Nucleus dorsalis (Clark’s column) run from ___ part of the spinal cord to ____

A

C8–L3/L4

66
Q

Nucleus dorsalis receives fibres associated with

A

associated with proprioceptive endings
(neuromuscular spindles & tendon spindles)

67
Q

Visceral afferent nucleus runs from ___ to ___

A

T1 – L3

68
Q

Location of the viseral afferent nucleus
And it receives _____

A

Lateral to nucleus dorsalis

– Receives visceral afferent info

69
Q

Nerve cells in the lateral gray columns is formed by

A

• Formed by the intermediolateral group of cells

70
Q

Nerve cells in the lateral gray columns runs from ____ to _____

A

T1 to L2/L3

71
Q

Nerve cells in the lateral gray columns gives rise to ____ in ____, ___, &___ vertebrae

A

give rise to preganglionic sympathetic fibres

In S2, S3, S4; they give rise to preganglionic parasympathetic fibres

72
Q

Central canal runs from the cervical (neck) region down to the sacral (lower back) region.

A
73
Q

Superiorly continuous with the

And inferiorly as

And terminates @

A

central canal of the medulla oblongata”

the central canal expands and enlarges to form the terminal ventricle. The terminal ventricle is a dilated portion at the end of the spinal cord, near the conus medullaris.

“Terminates within the root of the filum terminale

74
Q

The axons of the large multipolar neurons in the anterior gray columns exit the spinal cord through the anterior nerve roots as

A

Alpha-efferent

75
Q

The axons of the smaller multipolar neurons in the anterior gray columns exit the spinal cord through the anterior nerve roots as

A

ɣ-efferents

76
Q

Four zones are evident within the gray matter which are____ from pst. To ant.

A

somatic sensory (SS),
Visceral sensory (VS),
Visceral motor (VM),
Somatic motor (SM)

77
Q

White matter can be Divided into

• Consists of nerve fibres, neuroglia, blood
vessels
• White due to myelinated fibres

A

– anterior white column
– lateral white column
– posterior white column

78
Q

Eg of short tracts id

A

Intersegmental

79
Q

Examples of Sensory receptors include

A

Exteroceptors: external environment (e.g
pain temp., pressure etc)

Interoceptors: wall of viscera, gland, bld
vessels etc (e.g hunger,nausia etc)

Properioceptors: deeper tissue (e.g
contraction of muscle, movements etc)

Special sense receptors
; concerned withvision, hearing etc

80
Q

Ascending pathway that reach consciousness consists of___ neurons:
Namely

A

1st-order neuron
– 2nd-order neuron
– 3rd-order neuron

81
Q

The reticular formation is a network of interconnected nuclei located in the brainstem that is involved in regulating arousal, attention, and wakefulness.

A
82
Q

The Lat. Spinothalamic tract second order neurons is located @ __ & crosses @ ____
Ant. Crossing

A

Substantia gelatinosa & nucleus propria
Crosses @ ventral white commisure within the same segment

Ant. Asends one segment b4 crossing

83
Q

Lat.& Ant. Spinothalamic tract functions

A

Lat. Pain&temp
Ant. Crude touch & pressure

84
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

1st-order neurons
• Pain conducted by δ A-type fibres & C-type fibres

2nd-order neurons
– decussate to the opposite side
& ends in _____

3rd-order neurons
– ends in ____

A

thalamus (ventral posterolateral nucleus

sensory area in postcentral gyrus

85
Q

Spinothalamic tract involves 1,2&3 order neurons

A
86
Q

Ant. Spinocerebral tract is located@ pst grey horn located below ____
It’s function is ____
It involves what order neurons

A

Pst. Grey H,, below L3
Proprioceptive
1&2nd order

87
Q

Ant. Spinocerebral tract crosses in ___ direction
How many times does it cross
&ends where

A

Counter laterally
Twice
Opposite side of the cerebellum

88
Q

Pst spinocerebral tract involves___ neurons
And d neurons are located @____ @ ___to____
It’s fibres crosses how? To supply___

A

1&2nd order
Clark column, C8-L3
Ipsilaterally to supply cerebral cortex via inferior cerebral peduncle

89
Q

What are the pst. Column tracts

A

Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus

90
Q

The pst. column tract involves what neurons
They occupy ____

A

1,2&3rd neurons
Pst fasciculus

91
Q

Fasciculus gracilis is located ____ in the pst funicular containing fibres from ___, ____, ____&____
While fasciculus cuneatus is located in ____ of pst fasciculus containing fibres from ___&___

A

Medially
Coccyx, sacral, lumber, lower thorax

Literally
Upper thorax &cervical

92
Q

Function of the ant. And lat. Spinothalamic tract

A

Ant. Light(crude) touch and pressure pathways

Lat. Pain & temp

93
Q

Pst. Column tract function

A

Discriminative touch, vibratory sense,conscious muscle joint sense (conscious proprioception)

94
Q

Anterior spinocerebellar tract function

A

• Carries Info from trunk, upper & lower limbs
• Also carries info from skin & sub cut. tissue

95
Q

Pst spinocerebral tract function

A

It carries muscle and joint sensory information to the cerebellum.
It is responsible for transmitting unconscious proprioceptive information.

96
Q

The posterior spinocerebellar tract is crucial for the coordination and stability of the body.

A
97
Q

The info from the spinocerebral tract is relayed to ____

A

This information is used by the cerebellum to coordinate movements and maintain posture.

98
Q

From a functional point of view the ant. &pst spinocerebral tract is concerned with

A

Lower limb and trunk
Also carries info from skin & sub cut. tissue

99
Q

Features of upper & lower motor neuron lesions based on
Paralysis
Muscle tone
Deep tendon reflex
Plantar response
Muscle atrophy
Fascilulation & fibrillation

A

Upper
Group of muscle
Spasmic paralysis
Exaggerated
Extensor( babinski sign +ve)
May occur late
Don not occur

                        Lower Individual muscle paralysis Flaccid Absent No response Early & severe due to denservation Are common
100
Q

Fasciculations (visible twitching of muscle fibers) and fibrillations (small, spontaneous muscle contractions)

A
101
Q

Arteries of the spinal cord includes

A

• Anterior spinal artery
• Posterior spinal artery
• Segmental spinal arteries

102
Q

The anterior spinal artery is responsible for supplying the _____ (anterior) of the spinal cord.

A

front two-thirds

103
Q

Ant. Spinal artery is formed by the union of two arteries and originates from the vertebral artery, which is a major blood vessel in the neck.
Those two spinal arteries are

A

The anterior radicular arteries

104
Q

The posterior spinal arteries are responsible for supplying the _____ of the spinal cord.

A

one-third (posterior)

105
Q

The pst. Spinal artery can arise from _____ or the ____ which are also branches of the vertebral artery.

A

either the vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA),

106
Q

In lumber puncture the needle is incerted in between ___&___ into ___

A

L3$ L4
Subarachnoid
Space

107
Q

Spinal shock
Follows acute severe damage to the spinal
cord.
• All cord functions below the level of the lesion
become depressed or lost.
• Sensory impairment and flaccid paralysis
occur.

A
108
Q

What’s Brown Sequard syndrome
And it’s popular presentation

A

neurological condition that occurs due to a spinal cord injury or lesion affecting one side of the spinal cord

Ipsilateral (Same Side) Motor Weakness:(same side)
Ipsilateral Loss of Proprioception and Vibratory Sensation (same side)

Contralateral (Opposite Side) Loss of Pain and Temperature Sensation
Preservation of Light Touch and Discriminative Touch

109
Q

What’s Cauda equina syndrome

A

occurs due to pressure or damage to the nerve roots in the cauda equina region. This compression or damage can be caused by conditions such as a herniated disc, spinal stenosis, tumor, infection, or trauma.

110
Q

Symptoms of Cauda equina

A

severe lower back pain
sciatica (pain radiating down the legs)
numbness or weakness in the legs, difficulty or loss of bowel and bladder control, and sexual dysfunction

111
Q

Whats conus medullaris syndrome

A

Conus medullaris syndrome typically involves injury or damage to the spinal cord at the level of the conus medullaris, which is located at the lower end of the spinal cord around the L1-L2 vertebral level

112
Q

Causes of conus medullaris
spinal tumors, trauma, infections, inflammatory conditions, vascular disorders, or congenital abnormalities.

A
113
Q
A

Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction
Sexual Dysfunction
Reflex Abnormalities
Motor Weakness: Weakness or paralysis of the lower extremities,

114
Q

Conus Medullaris Syndrome: Presents with a combination of motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunctions, including lower extremity weakness, altered sensation in the saddle area and legs, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction.

A
115
Q

Cauda Equina Syndrome: Usually characterized by severe lower back pain, bilateral leg pain or weakness, numbness in the buttocks or saddle area, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and possible loss of sensation in the lower body

A
116
Q

Conus Medullaris Syndrome: Can have a sudden or gradual onset, depending on the underlying cause.

Cauda Equina Syndrome: Typically has a rapid or sudden onset, often due to a traumatic event or acute disc herniation.

A
117
Q

Conus Medullaris Syndrome: Symptoms are often bilateral, affecting both sides of the body.

Cauda Equina Syndrome: Symptoms are often asymmetric, meaning they may affect one side of the body more than the other.

A
118
Q

Conus Medullaris Syndrome: Anesthesia or loss of sensation may be present in the perineum (area between anus and genitals) and can extend to the lower extremities.

Cauda Equina Syndrome: Numbness or loss of sensation can occur in the buttocks, perineal region, inner thighs, and the backs of the legs.

A
119
Q

Paralysis:

Conus Medullaris Syndrome: May cause weakness or paralysis of the

While Cauda equina can lead to

A

lower extremities, affecting the legs and possibly the bladder and bowel muscles.

Can lead to varying degrees of lower extremity weakness or paralysis

120
Q

Conus Medullaris Syndrome: Results in bladder and bowel dysfunction, such as urinary retention, incontinence, or difficulty with bowel movements. EARLY

Cauda Equina Syndrome: Often presents with significant bladder and bowel dysfunction, including urinary retention, loss of bladder sensation, fecal incontinence, or constipation. LATE

A
121
Q

Sexual Dysfunction

Conus Medullaris Syndrome: more frequent
Cauda equina: leads frequent

A
122
Q

Anterior cord syndrome leafs to loss of

A

Movement, pain & temperature
You still have vibration, position & touch

123
Q

Whats Syringomyelia

A

Syringomyelia occurs when a syrinx, which is a fluid-filled cavity, develops inside the spinal cord. The syrinx typically expands over time, elongating and enlarging the spinal cord.

124
Q

Syringomyelia can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired.

A
125
Q

The most common symptom of syringomyelia is the loss of

A

sensation or altered sensation, particularly affecting the hands and arms. This can include bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation, as well as a decrease in sensitivity to touch or pressure.

126
Q

Depending on the location and extent of the syrinx, muscle weakness or atrophy may occur, primarily affecting the hands and arms.

A
127
Q

Syringomyelia produces dissociates anesthesia

A
128
Q

What’s Tabes dorsalis

A

is a neurological condition caused by untreated syphilis infection that specifically affects the dorsal nerve roots and the posterior white column of the spinal cord

129
Q

Tabes dorsalis affects

A

Dorsal nerve root
Pst. Column tract

130
Q

Syringomyelia affects what tracts

A

Spinothalamic tract

131
Q

Brown sequard syndrome affects what tracts
Causing

A

Spinothalamic tract causing counter lateral loss of pain & temp.

Pst. Column tract causing ipsilateral loss of fine touch, two point discrimination, joint position, vibration sense

Corticospinal tract causing ipsilateral upper motor neuron types paralysis

132
Q

Lesions of the dorsal columns result in a loss of

There is loss of the ability to identify the
characteristics of an object, called
astereognosis (e.g., size, consistency, form,
shape), using only the sense of touch.

A

joint position sensation, vibratory and pressure sensations, and two-point discrimination.

133
Q

The pain and temperature information crosses
almost as soon as it enters the spinal cord, any
unilateral lesion of the spinothalamic tract in
the spinal cord or brain stem will result in a
contralateral loss of pain and temperature.

A
134
Q

Lesions of the
Corticospinal Tract causes

A

If lesions of the corticospinal tract occur above
the pyramidal decussation, a weakness is seen
in muscles on the contralateral side of the
body;
Lesions below this level produce an ipsilateral muscle weakness.

135
Q

Types of Paralysis

A
  1. Hemiplegia: one side of the body.
  2. Monoplegia: one limb only.
  3. Diplegia: two corresponding limbs. Mainly the lower limb with a possibility of the upper limb
  4. Paraplegia: two lower limbs.
  5. Quadriplegia: all four limbs.

Neuro Anatomy (6 decks)

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