Neuro anatomy Flashcards
How do you differentiate lession to the upper and lower motor neuron
UMN- is accompanied by increased muscle tone and exaggeration of tendon reflex ie spasms
Group of muscles paralysis
LMN- is accompanied by lose of muscle tone and atrophy of it… Flaccid paralysis
Individual muscle paralysis
List the spinal arteries their origin and where they supply
Ant. Spinal artery- union of 2 arteries
Formed from vertebral artery
Supply 2/3 of spinal cord
Pst. Spinal artery-
Formed from vertebral artery or pst. Inf. Cerebral artery
Supply pst. 1/3
Lumber puncture is performed btw
L3 and L4
Signs of cauda equina syndrome and diff from conus medullaris syndrome
Equina–only LMN paralysis in lower limb
Root pain due to dorsal root- severe
Late- Bladder and bowel affected
Onset is gradual
Conus medullaris- UMN & LMN paralysis
Onset sudden
Root pain is not severe
Early- bladder and bowel inconvenience
What are the types of paralysis
Hemiplegia - one side of the body
Monoplegia- one lob only
Diplegia- two corresponding limbs
Paraplegia- two lower limb
Quadriplegia all four limbs
Describe the position of the cerebellum
. It is located in the posterior cranial fossa underneath the tentorium cerebelli and
behind the pons and medulla oblongata. It is separated
from the pons and medulla by a cavity of the fourth ventricle
The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by these
_____ pairs of large fibre tracts called
3 pair
cerebellar peduncles.
The three primary functions of the cerebellum are:
Maintenance of posture.
2. Maintenance of muscle tone.
3. Coordination of voluntary motor activity.
Sherringtun. reg~ the cerebellum as the head ganglion of the
Preprioceptive system
The cerebellar disease manifests the following triad of
motor dysfunctions:
Dysequillbrium, i.e. loss of balance characterized by gate
and trunkal ataxia.
• Hypotonia, i.e. loss of the resistance normally offered by
muscles on palpation.
• Dyssynergia, i.e. loss of coordinated muscular activity.
The cerebellum is made up of a thin surface layer of grey
matter, the cerebellar cortex and a central core of white
matter. Embedded within the central core of white matter
are masses of grey matter called ____
intrac:erebeDar nuclel
The central core of white matter being arranged in the form of
tke branching pattern of a me, is called Tree of life.
Superior peduncle– Midbrain connection
Mid peduncle-pons
Inf. Peduncle-medulla oblaganta
The inf. Peduncle consists mainly of ____ fibres which are
And some little ____ fibres
Afferent fibres– to the Creebelum form spinal cord, Olivery nuclei, reticular formation of medulla and vestibular nuclei
Effect fibres from cerebellum to reticular formation and medulla
Middle cerebellar peduncle consists of only ____ fibres
Afferent fibres from the pontine nuclei to the opposite cerebellar hemisphere
