Neuro week 16 Flashcards
1
Q
Primary Unimodal cortex has a single primary sense input and involves the conscious perception of that modality.
A
Unimodal association cortex is the cortex surrounding each of the primary sensory areas. These areas have a 1° unimodal input from that specific modality & integrates info for that specific modality which allows for appreciating objects by specific sense
2
Q
Multimodal Association Cortex include - APB
A
Anterior, posterior & basomedial association cortex
3
Q
Multimodal Association Cortex projects from anterior & posterior multimodal to-BmMC
A
Basomedial multimodal cortex
4
Q
Multimodal Association Cortex receives information from
A
several 1° unimodal and unimodal association areas
5
Q
Multimodal Association Cortex inputs
A
Multimodal & integrates cross-modal information
6
Q
1° cortices and association cortices projects to
A
Multimodal association cortex
7
Q
The Anterior nucleus projects to
A
The limbic association areas (basomedial multimodal cortex).
8
Q
Dorsomedial nucleus projects to - PPAC .
A
posterior parietal association cortex
9
Q
Pulvinar projects to
A
The dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex, which is the anterior multimodal association area
10
Q
The Left hemisphere is dominant for LP
A
Language and processing of complex stimuli
11
Q
The Right hemisphere dominant function.
A
Spatial
12
Q
Right & left hemispheres are interconnected with .PM&MA
A
1° motor & motor association areas but the impact of these influences may change based upon the side of the brain
13
Q
The Posterior Parietal association cortex is involved in
A
spatial cognition
14
Q
Deficits in the posterior parietal association cortex producing problems with - spatial memory
A
Spatial motor tasks such as reaching & pointing to visual targets and problems with remembering travel routes
15
Q
Deficits in the posterior parietal association cortex also produce - (simultaneous agnosia)
A
Inability to organize spatial events in time such as problems in describing events in sequence in a picture and an inability to reproduce designs using marked blocks
16
Q
Deficits in the posterior parietal association cortex produce - Dyslexia
A
Inability to begin spelling words, dyslexia (skipping words or whole lines when reading) and Inability to recall spatial relationships (layout of room)
17
Q
Damage to the Posterior Parietal association cortex - Unilateral hemispatial neglect
A
Difficulty in the ability to direct attention to contralateral personal & extrapersonal space- most common form of unilateral neglect is left side neglect with right brain lesion
18
Q
Damage Posterior Parietal association cortex produces unilateral hemispatial neglect- anosognosia or asomatognosia
A
A denial of disability where the patient states that their paralyzed limb is not part of their body
19
Q
Frontal lobe multimodal association cortex has executive function with behaviors within
A
Social (orbitofrontal) & nonsocial (dorsolateral) context.
20
Q
Executive function can alter
A
Goal directed behavior within the context in which it is performed.
21
Q
The following are all what type of function? Generation of multiple strategies to attain a specific goal or solve a specific problem Choosing, sequencing and initiating subroutines that collectively achieve a goal Self-monitoring the adequacy of the sequence of actions Modifying behavior when conditions change Inhibiting incorrect responses when distracted
A
Executive Function tasks:
22
Q
Damage to the anterior association cortex includes damage to
A
Dorsolateral Prefrontal & Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex
23
Q
Damage to the Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortex causes
A
affective flatness, reduced cognitive & motor activity
24
Q
Damage to the Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex causes- JuBLEP
A
Behavioral disinhibition, Poor judgment Labile affect Judgment errors Emotional outbursts
25
Anterior cingulate cortex of the Limbic (Basomedial) plays an important role in: MEM
* Motivation
* Emotional state
* Monitoring performance in relationship to rewards
26
Input to the anterior cingulate cortex of the Limbic (Basomedial) association cortex about internal state, from GOV
Gustatory,
Olfactory and
Visceral sensations
27
Anterior cingulate cortex of the Limbic (Basomedial) association cortex forms part of the
Mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system
28
Limbic (Basomedial) association cortex allows for the interaction between **M**
* Mesolimbic system- addiction and Cognitive assessment of rewards and motivation.
29
Deficits / lesions of the mesolimbic system include- OA
Obsessive-Compulsive & Attention Deficit Disorders
30
Inferior temporal gyrus is part of the
Basomedial association cortex which is part of the ventral stream of the visual system
31
Inferior temporal gyrus is responsible for
Facial recognition.
32
Damage to the Inferior temporal gyrus produces-
Prosopagnosia or the inability to recognize faces
33
Tests of function for the posterior parietal area include
Testing of a wide variety of behaviors mediating attention to intrapersonal and extrapersonal space and tests for unilateral neglect.
34
Tests for unilateral neglect include
Drawing tests where positive signs are lack of one side in all drawings and the inability to do 3-D puzzles
35
Anterior Association area tests are used to assess
Executive functioning
36
Anterior Association tests to assess executive functioning include:
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) & Stroop Test
37
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
Ordering of cards based upon different characteristics
38
Stroop Test
Sorting by color word & color
39
Different forms of the Stroop test include:
Counting stroop test & Emotional stroop test
40
The Counting Stroop Test for the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex involves:
Identifying the number of words, when number words used does not match the number words.
41
Emotional Stroop Test
Tests the ventral anterior cingulate cortex- uses words with high emotional content to distract from naming color of the words
42
Basal ganglia function
Regulation of motor behavior & cognitive functions.
43
What exists within the basal nuclei to mediate cognitive functions ?
Parallel pathways (loops)
44
Caudate nucleus plays a central role in which pathway?
Parallel pathway?
45
Basal Ganglia cognitive loop involves the following circuit:
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to caudate nucleus to globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticularis to mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus then back to the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
46
At what stage does cognitive deficits occur in Parkinson’s Disease (PD).
Early stages
47
What type of tests help to determine if deficits in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is Increasing as the disease advances?
Neuropsychological testing.
48
The study with people with Parkinson’s Disease showed that
PD patients achieve fewer card-sorting categories on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test than matched controls.
49
T / F- Study shows association of cognitive & motor function since patients with worse cognitive performance also had worse motor performance
False - dissociation they did not also have worse motor performance
50
Triad of behavioral manifestations in Huntington’s Disease (HD)
Motor symptoms Cognitive impairments Memory impairments Dementia
51
Dementia in Huntington disease is due to
Loss of striatal neurons (caudate primarily) Co-occurs with depression of prefrontal neuronal function
52
Cerebellar neodentate nucleus (ventrolateral part of the dentate nucleus) is only present in humans and is involved in the
Closed-loop circuits connecting cerebral association cortex with cerebellar cortex
53
Cognitive and affective roles of cerebellum are supported by - CAN
Clinical Anatomical and Neuroimaging data
54
The Association cortices form two connections to the cerebellum
* Corticoponto-cerebellar mossy fiber input to the cerebellar hemispheres
* Association cortices via the red nucleus provide climbing fiber input from inferior olivary nucleus
55
Ventrolateral part of dentate nucleus (neodentate) projects via thalamus to: CPPD
* Cingulate & parahippocampal (limbic) cortex
* Posterior parietal cortex and
* Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,
56
Ventrolateral loop also have contributions from
Broca's & Wernicke’s areas
57
Cognitive deficits caused by damage to cerebellum **EVIL2**
## Footnote
**FD**
Deficits in:
* Executive function
* Visual spatial capacities
* Inappropriate behavior
* Language production
* Lowering of intellectual function – may be transient
* Flat affect
* Disinhibited
58
Bilateral posterior lobe lesions produce
Numerous behavioral deficits
59
Damage to anterior lobe produces
Minor deficits in executive function and visuo-spatial ability
60
Damage to the vermis produces
Major deficits in affect
61
Lack of proper cerebellar development in premature infants can lead to
Both motor and cognitive delays
62
What % of children born prematurely demonstrate cognitive impairments and learning disabilities
25-50%
63
Lack of cerebellum development can lead to cerebral problems due to
Strong connections that remain between the two structures
64
Focal cerebral deficits due to cerebellar pathology is called
Diaschisis - when damage to one area causes impairment of function in a distant connected area)
65
What is emotion?
The Subjective experience imbued with a physical quality that is agreeable (pleasant) or disagreeable (unpleasant).
66
Emotion varies in.
Intensity or state of arousal
67
Emotion is an Entirely private mental phenomena and is only expressed socially or publicly by
Discussion or facial expression
68
What is memory?
The Mental registration, retention, and recall of past experience, knowledge, ideas, sensations, and thoughts.
69
Forms of memory
Predictive & Declarative
70
Predictive (prospective) memory,
Memory of the future - a memory or knowledge of what we should do to successfully negotiate a future event based on past experience
71
Declarative (explicit) memory
Memory for facts and event.
72
Two forms of declarative memory
Episodic (autobiographical) – events from your life Semantic (nonautobiographical) - facts
73
Procedural (implicit) memory
Memory of procedures and skills
74
Consolidated memory (or Long Term Memory) is
Long lasting record of event/facts
75
The acquisition of memory first requires\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Attentive Sensory Awareness which leads to
Attentive Sensory Awareness, Short-term or Working memory
76
Working memory
A Running commentary mediated by prefrontal cortex. This can lead to memory Consolidation
77
Consolidated (long-term) memory is divided into
declarative and procedural memory
78
Place where declarative memory is created
Hippocampus
79
Divisions of memory with working (short-term) memory is created and resides in
The prefrontal cortex.
80
Place where declarative memory is stored
Cortical areas near the hippocampus and perhaps even the diencephalon
81
Place where procedural memory of specific skills and habits are consolidated **SC**
Striatum and cerebellum
82
Place where procedural memory is stored
Motor cortical areas particularly supplemental motor area.
83
Emotional associations are stored in the
Amygdala
84
Conditioned reflexes are stored in the
Cerebellum
85
Limbic structures associated with emotion, emotional memory and visceral responses to emotion include: **H2OP CAVeS**
* Hippocampus
* Hypothalamus
* Orbitofrontal association cortex
* Parahippocampal gyrus
* Cingulate gyrus
* Amygdala
* Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
* Septal nuclei
86
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) of brainstem is connected via
the medial forebrain bundle to the nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus
87
Function of nucleus accumbens & Hypothalamus pathway- MMD
* Mediates behavioral expression of emotional states,
* Motivation
* Development of addictive behaviors.
88
People who show signs of addiction have
* Overactive nucleus accumbens & hypothalamus dopaminergic pathway. Activation of inhibitory control of this pathway lessens the risk of addiction
89
True / False- Stress can block the inhibition of the Nucleus accumbens & Hypothalamus dopaminergic pathway which can trigger addictive behaviors
True
90
Hippocampal formation, amygdala, and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex all receive highly processed sensory reports from
Ongoing experience from every sensory modality.
91
True / False- The amygdala is reciprocally connected and shares a vast array of sensory information from all exteroceptive and interoceptive sensory cortices
True
92
Function of the amygdala
Activate and modulate behavioral expression.
93
The amygdala is most commonly related to
Fear and aggression
94
Damage to the amygdala results in
a person without normal fear responses.
95
T / F -The amygdala is also involved in a variety of different emotions including the emotional reaction to music.
True
96
The hippocampal formation Includes the . HiDS
hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum
97
The hippocampal formation is Part of the
Medial wall of the temporal lobe
98
The hippocampal formation is reciprocally connected to the output end of the
limbic system (septal area and hypothalamus)
99
Hippocampus plays an important role in
Memory consolidation Appears to play a role in autonoetic consciousness
100
Autonoetic consciousness
Ability to envision oneself in the future
101
Surgical excision of bilateral medial temporal lobes removing anterior hippocampus, amygdala, and overlying cortex to Resolve seizure disorder causes. .
Seizures cured but loss of the ability to consolidate STM into LTM. IQ, procedural memory, and LTM are spared
102
Damage to medial temporal lobe causes
hippocampus retention of previously laid down semantic memory but retrograde amnesia for episodic memory. Retain of certain % new semantic knowledge but not all
103
Syndrome associated with bilateral damage to medial temporal lobe structures & amygdalae
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
104
Kluver-Bucy syndrome is characterized by:
Lack emotional responsiveness Visual agnosia Compulsive oral behaviors Increased sexual activity
105
The pre-frontal cortex has rich interconnections with
hypothalamus, Amygdala Basal forebrain Midbrain & hippocampus
106
Orbital frontal cortex represents
The Highest level of regulation of autonomic function & is also involved in social-emotional behavior
107
The Orbitofrontal cortex is also Involved in .
impulse control, socially acceptable behaviors and planning
108
Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex produces
Irresponsible, impulsive behaviors, lack of planning, focus & organizational skills
109
Hyperactivity of the orbitofrontal cortex is associated with
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
110
Dorsolateral frontal cortex is Involved in
Analytical thinking, problem solving, keeping focus & attention, and planning
111
Damage to the Dorsolateral frontal cortex results in
Disordered thinking and disorganized behavior with an inability to maintain focus and being easily distracted
112
The Ventromedial frontal cortex is Involved in
Motivation, gaining emotional pleasure from life experiences and connecting emotions and thoughts
113
Damage to the Ventromedial frontal cortex produces
Apathy Anhedonia Flat emotional affect Inability to report preferences Hyperactive Ventromedial frontal cortex and result in mania & it is less active in clinical depression
114
The prefrontal cortex has roles in regulation of behavior both in the
Private element and in the public forum
115
Public Forum requires
Interaction with others. Accurate perception of others emotional states. So you have to “read” other peoples emotional mental state to deal with their mental states
116
T / F- When dealing with others in the Public Forum, Sensory awareness funneled thru amygdala and Integrated into your behavior in orbital prefrontal cortex
True
117
Private element of behavior requires
Social reasoning which is the matching internal state with social action
118
Examples of Private element’s Social reasoning include
Empathy & altruism.
119
Damage to orbitofrontal cortex leads to- BETS
Selfish, egocentric behaviors, lack of empathy & engage in thoughtless acts
120
T / F - Robin Dunbar, evolutionary psychologist, has suggested that the development of these areas is responsible for the “great leap forward” by humans 40-60,000 years ago Socialization ability drove human development & these areas responsible
True
121
First documented insight to the role of the frontal lobes in emotional experience and behavior
Phinneas Gage
122
Phinneas Gage became Irreverent, profane, impatient, and obstinate after
Iron rod passed through Gage's prefrontal lobe and skull and Forever changed his personality to be
123
Propositional language .
The Linking of words to physical objects or abstract concepts in sentences
124
Propositional language depends exclusively on structures within the
cerebral hemispheres
125
Emotional language
Non-propositional communication between members of a species via vocalization and behavioral displays Present throughout animal kingdom
126
Conventionalized verbal symbols by which ideas and feelings are communicated
Language
127
Deficits in language result from
Cerebral injury
128
Mechanistic aspects of verbal expression involving articulation
Speech
129
Deficits in speech may follow after injury to- CBCP
* Cerebrum
* Brainstem
* Cerebellum or
* PNS structures
130
Melodious aspect of speech wherein, inflection, tone, timbre, and rhythm are used to convey meaning
Prosody
131
Bilateral facilitating system involved in motivation and is a starter system for speech
Limbic substrates
132
Lacking propositional speech but may retain emotional speech
Non-fluent aphasia
133
Damage to periaquductal gray matter
Apathetic akinetic mutism
134
Neocortical substrates
Association cortex of dominant hemisphere (left) Planum temporale –
primary auditory area Perisylvian language zone include Broca's and Wernicke's areas Superior longitudinal fasciculus & specifically the arcuate fasciculus connecting regions
135
Primary aphasias resulting from damage to the perisylvian language areas
Broca’s Wernicke's Global aphasia
136
Aphasic disconnection syndromes resulting from lesions of surrounding multimodal cortex
* Transcortical motor
* Transcortical sensory
* Conduction aphasia
137
Motor, expressive, anterior, non-fluent Damage to inferior frontal gyrus Few words and difficulty with language production; comprehension intact
Broca’s Aphasia
138
Sensory, receptive, posterior, fluent Results from damage to posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus Characterized by deficit in language comprehension with relatively fluent but non-sensical
Wernicke’s Aphasia
139
Caused by lesion that destroys nearly all of the perisylvian language zone Includes Broca's and Wernicke's territories Characterized by impairments in language production and comprehension
Global Aphasia
140
Damage to the superior longitudinal fasciculus causes
Conduction aphasia
141
Damage in watershed area between ACA and MCA
Transcortical motor aphasia
142
Damage in watershed area between ACA and MCA-PCA
Transcortical sensory aphasia
143
Clinical Evaluation of Language include
Spontaneous speech observation for production, comprehension, and prosody rate of speech production and effort Word choice and paraphrasias
