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neuro final exam > Neuro week 16 > Flashcards

Neuro week 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Unimodal cortex has a single primary sense input and involves the conscious perception of that modality.

A

Unimodal association cortex is the cortex surrounding each of the primary sensory areas. These areas have a 1° unimodal input from that specific modality & integrates info for that specific modality which allows for appreciating objects by specific sense

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2
Q

Multimodal Association Cortex include - APB

A

Anterior, posterior & basomedial association cortex

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3
Q

Multimodal Association Cortex projects from anterior & posterior multimodal to-BmMC

A

Basomedial multimodal cortex

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4
Q

Multimodal Association Cortex receives information from

A

several 1° unimodal and unimodal association areas

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5
Q

Multimodal Association Cortex inputs

A

Multimodal & integrates cross-modal information

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6
Q

1° cortices and association cortices projects to

A

Multimodal association cortex

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7
Q

The Anterior nucleus projects to

A

The limbic association areas (basomedial multimodal cortex).

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8
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus projects to - PPAC .

A

posterior parietal association cortex

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9
Q

Pulvinar projects to

A

The dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex, which is the anterior multimodal association area

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10
Q

The Left hemisphere is dominant for LP

A

Language and processing of complex stimuli

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11
Q

The Right hemisphere dominant function.

A

Spatial

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12
Q

Right & left hemispheres are interconnected with .PM&MA

A

1° motor & motor association areas but the impact of these influences may change based upon the side of the brain

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13
Q

The Posterior Parietal association cortex is involved in

A

spatial cognition

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14
Q

Deficits in the posterior parietal association cortex producing problems with - spatial memory

A

Spatial motor tasks such as reaching & pointing to visual targets and problems with remembering travel routes

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15
Q

Deficits in the posterior parietal association cortex also produce - (simultaneous agnosia)

A

Inability to organize spatial events in time such as problems in describing events in sequence in a picture and an inability to reproduce designs using marked blocks

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16
Q

Deficits in the posterior parietal association cortex produce - Dyslexia

A

Inability to begin spelling words, dyslexia (skipping words or whole lines when reading) and Inability to recall spatial relationships (layout of room)

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17
Q

Damage to the Posterior Parietal association cortex - Unilateral hemispatial neglect

A

Difficulty in the ability to direct attention to contralateral personal & extrapersonal space- most common form of unilateral neglect is left side neglect with right brain lesion

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18
Q

Damage Posterior Parietal association cortex produces unilateral hemispatial neglect- anosognosia or asomatognosia

A

A denial of disability where the patient states that their paralyzed limb is not part of their body

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19
Q

Frontal lobe multimodal association cortex has executive function with behaviors within

A

Social (orbitofrontal) & nonsocial (dorsolateral) context.

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20
Q

Executive function can alter

A

Goal directed behavior within the context in which it is performed.

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21
Q

The following are all what type of function? Generation of multiple strategies to attain a specific goal or solve a specific problem Choosing, sequencing and initiating subroutines that collectively achieve a goal Self-monitoring the adequacy of the sequence of actions Modifying behavior when conditions change Inhibiting incorrect responses when distracted

A

Executive Function tasks:

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22
Q

Damage to the anterior association cortex includes damage to

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal & Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex

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23
Q

Damage to the Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortex causes 

A

affective flatness, reduced cognitive & motor activity

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24
Q

Damage to the Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex causes- JuBLEP

A

Behavioral disinhibition, Poor judgment Labile affect Judgment errors Emotional outbursts

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25
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex of the Limbic (Basomedial) plays an important role in: MEM

A
  • Motivation
  • Emotional state
  • Monitoring performance in relationship to rewards
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26
Q

Input to the anterior cingulate cortex of the Limbic (Basomedial) association cortex about internal state, from GOV

A

Gustatory,

Olfactory and

Visceral sensations

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27
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex of the Limbic (Basomedial) association cortex forms part of the

A

Mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system

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28
Q

Limbic (Basomedial) association cortex allows for the interaction between M

A
  • Mesolimbic system- addiction and Cognitive assessment of rewards and motivation.
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29
Q

Deficits / lesions of the mesolimbic system include- OA

A

Obsessive-Compulsive & Attention Deficit Disorders

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30
Q

Inferior temporal gyrus is part of the

A

Basomedial association cortex which is part of the ventral stream of the visual system

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31
Q

Inferior temporal gyrus is responsible for

A

Facial recognition.

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32
Q

Damage to the Inferior temporal gyrus produces-

A

Prosopagnosia or the inability to recognize faces

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33
Q

Tests of function for the posterior parietal area include

A

Testing of a wide variety of behaviors mediating attention to intrapersonal and extrapersonal space and tests for unilateral neglect.

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34
Q

Tests for unilateral neglect include

A

Drawing tests where positive signs are lack of one side in all drawings and the inability to do 3-D puzzles

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35
Q

Anterior Association area tests are used to assess

A

Executive functioning

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36
Q

Anterior Association tests to assess executive functioning include:

A

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) & Stroop Test

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37
Q

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)

A

Ordering of cards based upon different characteristics

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38
Q

Stroop Test

A

Sorting by color word & color

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39
Q

Different forms of the Stroop test include:

A

Counting stroop test & Emotional stroop test

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40
Q

The Counting Stroop Test for the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex involves: 

A

Identifying the number of words, when number words used does not match the number words.

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41
Q

Emotional Stroop Test

A

Tests the ventral anterior cingulate cortex- uses words with high emotional content to distract from naming color of the words

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42
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

Regulation of motor behavior & cognitive functions.

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43
Q

What exists within the basal nuclei to mediate cognitive functions ?

A

Parallel pathways (loops)

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44
Q

Caudate nucleus plays a central role in which pathway?

A

Parallel pathway?

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45
Q

Basal Ganglia cognitive loop involves the following circuit:

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to caudate nucleus to globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticularis to mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus then back to the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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46
Q

At what stage does cognitive deficits occur in Parkinson’s Disease (PD).

A

Early stages

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47
Q

What type of tests help to determine if deficits in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is Increasing as the disease advances?

A

Neuropsychological testing.

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48
Q

The study with people with Parkinson’s Disease showed that

A

PD patients achieve fewer card-sorting categories on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test than matched controls.

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49
Q

T / F- Study shows association of cognitive & motor function since patients with worse cognitive performance also had worse motor performance

A

False - dissociation they did not also have worse motor performance

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50
Q

Triad of behavioral manifestations in Huntington’s Disease (HD)

A

Motor symptoms Cognitive impairments Memory impairments Dementia

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51
Q

Dementia in Huntington disease is due to

A

Loss of striatal neurons (caudate primarily) Co-occurs with depression of prefrontal neuronal function

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52
Q

Cerebellar neodentate nucleus (ventrolateral part of the dentate nucleus) is only present in humans and is involved in the

A

Closed-loop circuits connecting cerebral association cortex with cerebellar cortex

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53
Q

Cognitive and affective roles of cerebellum are supported by - CAN

A

Clinical Anatomical and Neuroimaging data

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54
Q

The Association cortices form two connections to the cerebellum

A
  • Corticoponto-cerebellar mossy fiber input to the cerebellar hemispheres
  • Association cortices via the red nucleus provide climbing fiber input from inferior olivary nucleus
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55
Q

Ventrolateral part of dentate nucleus (neodentate) projects via thalamus to: CPPD

A
  • Cingulate & parahippocampal (limbic) cortex
  • Posterior parietal cortex and
  • Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,
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56
Q

Ventrolateral loop also have contributions from

A

Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas

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57
Q

Cognitive deficits caused by damage to cerebellum EVIL2

FD

A

Deficits in:

  • Executive function
  • Visual spatial capacities
  • Inappropriate behavior
  • Language production
  • Lowering of intellectual function – may be transient
  • Flat affect
  • Disinhibited
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58
Q

Bilateral posterior lobe lesions produce

A

Numerous behavioral deficits

59
Q

Damage to anterior lobe produces

A

Minor deficits in executive function and visuo-spatial ability

60
Q

Damage to the vermis produces

A

Major deficits in affect

61
Q

Lack of proper cerebellar development in premature infants can lead to

A

Both motor and cognitive delays

62
Q

What % of children born prematurely demonstrate cognitive impairments and learning disabilities

A

25-50%

63
Q

Lack of cerebellum development can lead to cerebral problems due to

A

Strong connections that remain between the two structures

64
Q

Focal cerebral deficits due to cerebellar pathology is called

A

Diaschisis - when damage to one area causes impairment of function in a distant connected area)

65
Q

What is emotion?

A

The Subjective experience imbued with a physical quality that is agreeable (pleasant) or disagreeable (unpleasant).

66
Q

Emotion varies in.

A

Intensity or state of arousal

67
Q

Emotion is an Entirely private mental phenomena and is only expressed socially or publicly by

A

Discussion or facial expression

68
Q

What is memory?

A

The Mental registration, retention, and recall of past experience, knowledge, ideas, sensations, and thoughts.

69
Q

Forms of memory

A

Predictive & Declarative

70
Q

Predictive (prospective) memory,

A

Memory of the future - a memory or knowledge of what we should do to successfully negotiate a future event based on past experience

71
Q

Declarative (explicit) memory

A

Memory for facts and event.

72
Q

Two forms of declarative memory

A

Episodic (autobiographical) – events from your life Semantic (nonautobiographical) - facts

73
Q

Procedural (implicit) memory

A

Memory of procedures and skills

74
Q

Consolidated memory (or Long Term Memory) is

A

Long lasting record of event/facts

75
Q

The acquisition of memory first requires_______Attentive Sensory Awareness which leads to

A

Attentive Sensory Awareness, Short-term or Working memory

76
Q

Working memory

A

A Running commentary mediated by prefrontal cortex. This can lead to memory Consolidation

77
Q

Consolidated (long-term) memory is divided into

A

declarative and procedural memory

78
Q

Place where declarative memory is created

A

Hippocampus

79
Q

Divisions of memory with working (short-term) memory is created and resides in

A

The prefrontal cortex.

80
Q

Place where declarative memory is stored

A

Cortical areas near the hippocampus and perhaps even the diencephalon

81
Q

Place where procedural memory of specific skills and habits are consolidated SC

A

Striatum and cerebellum

82
Q

Place where procedural memory is stored

A

Motor cortical areas particularly supplemental motor area.

83
Q

Emotional associations are stored in the

A

Amygdala

84
Q

Conditioned reflexes are stored in the

A

Cerebellum

85
Q

Limbic structures associated with emotion, emotional memory and visceral responses to emotion include: H2OP CAVeS

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Orbitofrontal association cortex
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Amygdala
  • Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
  • Septal nuclei
86
Q

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) of brainstem is connected via

A

the medial forebrain bundle to the nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus

87
Q

Function of nucleus accumbens & Hypothalamus pathway- MMD

A
  • Mediates behavioral expression of emotional states,
  • Motivation
  • Development of addictive behaviors.
88
Q

People who show signs of addiction have

A
  • Overactive nucleus accumbens & hypothalamus dopaminergic pathway. Activation of inhibitory control of this pathway lessens the risk of addiction
89
Q

True / False- Stress can block the inhibition of the Nucleus accumbens & Hypothalamus dopaminergic pathway which can trigger addictive behaviors

A

True

90
Q

Hippocampal formation, amygdala, and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex all receive highly processed sensory reports from

A

Ongoing experience from every sensory modality.

91
Q

True / False- The amygdala is reciprocally connected and shares a vast array of sensory information from all exteroceptive and interoceptive sensory cortices

A

True

92
Q

Function of the amygdala

A

Activate and modulate behavioral expression.

93
Q

The amygdala is most commonly related to

A

Fear and aggression

94
Q

Damage to the amygdala results in

A

a person without normal fear responses.

95
Q

T / F -The amygdala is also involved in a variety of different emotions including the emotional reaction to music.

A

True

96
Q

The hippocampal formation Includes the . HiDS

A

hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum

97
Q

The hippocampal formation is Part of the

A

Medial wall of the temporal lobe

98
Q

The hippocampal formation is reciprocally connected to the output end of the

A

limbic system (septal area and hypothalamus)

99
Q

Hippocampus plays an important role in

A

Memory consolidation Appears to play a role in autonoetic consciousness

100
Q

Autonoetic consciousness

A

Ability to envision oneself in the future

101
Q

Surgical excision of bilateral medial temporal lobes removing anterior hippocampus, amygdala, and overlying cortex to Resolve seizure disorder causes. .

A

Seizures cured but loss of the ability to consolidate STM into LTM. IQ, procedural memory, and LTM are spared

102
Q

Damage to medial temporal lobe causes

A

hippocampus retention of previously laid down semantic memory but retrograde amnesia for episodic memory. Retain of certain % new semantic knowledge but not all

103
Q

Syndrome associated with bilateral damage to medial temporal lobe structures & amygdalae

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

104
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome is characterized by:

A

Lack emotional responsiveness Visual agnosia Compulsive oral behaviors Increased sexual activity

105
Q

The pre-frontal cortex has rich interconnections with

A

hypothalamus, Amygdala Basal forebrain Midbrain & hippocampus

106
Q

Orbital frontal cortex represents

A

The Highest level of regulation of autonomic function & is also involved in social-emotional behavior

107
Q

The Orbitofrontal cortex is also Involved in .

A

impulse control, socially acceptable behaviors and planning

108
Q

Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex produces

A

Irresponsible, impulsive behaviors, lack of planning, focus & organizational skills

109
Q

Hyperactivity of the orbitofrontal cortex is associated with

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

110
Q

Dorsolateral frontal cortex is Involved in

A

Analytical thinking, problem solving, keeping focus & attention, and planning

111
Q

Damage to the Dorsolateral frontal cortex results in

A

Disordered thinking and disorganized behavior with an inability to maintain focus and being easily distracted

112
Q

The Ventromedial frontal cortex is Involved in

A

Motivation, gaining emotional pleasure from life experiences and connecting emotions and thoughts

113
Q

Damage to the Ventromedial frontal cortex produces

A

Apathy Anhedonia Flat emotional affect Inability to report preferences Hyperactive Ventromedial frontal cortex and result in mania & it is less active in clinical depression

114
Q

The prefrontal cortex has roles in regulation of behavior both in the

A

Private element and in the public forum

115
Q

Public Forum requires

A

Interaction with others. Accurate perception of others emotional states. So you have to “read” other peoples emotional mental state to deal with their mental states

116
Q

T / F- When dealing with others in the Public Forum, Sensory awareness funneled thru amygdala and Integrated into your behavior in orbital prefrontal cortex

A

True

117
Q

Private element of behavior requires

A

Social reasoning which is the matching internal state with social action

118
Q

Examples of Private element’s Social reasoning include

A

Empathy & altruism.

119
Q

Damage to orbitofrontal cortex leads to- BETS

A

Selfish, egocentric behaviors, lack of empathy & engage in thoughtless acts

120
Q

T / F - Robin Dunbar, evolutionary psychologist, has suggested that the development of these areas is responsible for the “great leap forward” by humans 40-60,000 years ago Socialization ability drove human development & these areas responsible

A

True

121
Q

First documented insight to the role of the frontal lobes in emotional experience and behavior

A

Phinneas Gage

122
Q

Phinneas Gage became Irreverent, profane, impatient, and obstinate after

A

Iron rod passed through Gage’s prefrontal lobe and skull and Forever changed his personality to be

123
Q

Propositional language .

A

The Linking of words to physical objects or abstract concepts in sentences

124
Q

Propositional language depends exclusively on structures within the

A

cerebral hemispheres

125
Q

Emotional language

A

Non-propositional communication between members of a species via vocalization and behavioral displays Present throughout animal kingdom

126
Q

Conventionalized verbal symbols by which ideas and feelings are communicated

A

Language

127
Q

Deficits in language result from

A

Cerebral injury

128
Q

Mechanistic aspects of verbal expression involving articulation

A

Speech

129
Q

Deficits in speech may follow after injury to- CBCP

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum or
  • PNS structures
130
Q

Melodious aspect of speech wherein, inflection, tone, timbre, and rhythm are used to convey meaning

A

Prosody

131
Q

Bilateral facilitating system involved in motivation and is a starter system for speech

A

Limbic substrates

132
Q

Lacking propositional speech but may retain emotional speech

A

Non-fluent aphasia

133
Q

Damage to periaquductal gray matter

A

Apathetic akinetic mutism

134
Q

Neocortical substrates

A

Association cortex of dominant hemisphere (left) Planum temporale –

primary auditory area Perisylvian language zone include Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas Superior longitudinal fasciculus & specifically the arcuate fasciculus connecting regions

135
Q

Primary aphasias resulting from damage to the perisylvian language areas

A

Broca’s Wernicke’s Global aphasia

136
Q

Aphasic disconnection syndromes resulting from lesions of surrounding multimodal cortex

A
  • Transcortical motor
  • Transcortical sensory
  • Conduction aphasia
137
Q

Motor, expressive, anterior, non-fluent Damage to inferior frontal gyrus Few words and difficulty with language production; comprehension intact

A

Broca’s Aphasia

138
Q

Sensory, receptive, posterior, fluent Results from damage to posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus Characterized by deficit in language comprehension with relatively fluent but non-sensical

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

139
Q

Caused by lesion that destroys nearly all of the perisylvian language zone Includes Broca’s and Wernicke’s territories Characterized by impairments in language production and comprehension

A

Global Aphasia

140
Q

Damage to the superior longitudinal fasciculus causes

A

Conduction aphasia

141
Q

Damage in watershed area between ACA and MCA

A

Transcortical motor aphasia

142
Q

Damage in watershed area between ACA and MCA-PCA

A

Transcortical sensory aphasia

143
Q

Clinical Evaluation of Language include

A

Spontaneous speech observation for production, comprehension, and prosody rate of speech production and effort Word choice and paraphrasias

neuro final exam (10 decks)

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