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neuro final exam > Neuro final exam week 12 pt 3 (8&12-14) > Flashcards

Neuro final exam week 12 pt 3 (8&12-14) Flashcards

1
Q

Spinocerebellum Outgoing command to move sent to the cerebellum is called

A

Feed forward signal via the cerebro-olivary and olivocerebellar inputs.

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2
Q

Function of the Vermis

A

Coordination of movement of axial & proximal limb musculature and Regulation of postural muscle tone.

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3
Q

Sensory Inputs to the vermis come from which systems? PVV

A

Proprioception, Vision & Vestibular sensory systems.

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4
Q

Damage in the spinal proprioceptive pathways result in

A

Sensory ataxia

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5
Q

Symptoms of sensory ataxia include:

A

Near-normal coordination when the movement is visually observed by the patient, but marked worsening coordination when the eyes are shut Increased postural sway Difficulty standing with narrow base of support particularly with the eyes closed (Romberg sign)Uncoordinated gait

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6
Q

True / false- The body is somatotopically mapped with separate somatopic maps on anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum.

A

True

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7
Q

The two homunculi formed on the lobes of CEREBELLUM are

A

Inverted images of one another

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8
Q

On the cerebellar homunculi, Neck & trunk are distributed along the

A

Vermis

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9
Q

On the cerebellar homunculi extremities are aligned

A

Along the paravermal cerebellar cortex

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10
Q

5 afferent tracts that provide proprioceptive information into the spinocerebellum

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) Cuneocerebellar tract (CCT) Ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) Rostral spinocerebellar tract (RSCT) Trigeminocerebellar projections

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11
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) arises from

A

Nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s) in spinal segments T1 to L2 or L3

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12
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) Rise (path)

A

Ipsilaterally in dorsal lateral funiculus to enter thru inferior peduncle

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13
Q

Axons of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) end- (homunculus)

A

In areas representing LE & trunk in anterior & posterior lobes

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14
Q

Ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) arises from (area of SC)

A

nuclei scattered in base of dorsal horn

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15
Q

Axons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) Decussate to rise in

A

Peripheral lateral funiculus just ventral to contralateral DSCT

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16
Q

Axons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) ascend thru

A

Medulla & pons to decussate again and enter thru superior cerebellar peduncle

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17
Q

Axons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) end in (homunculus)

A

LE representation of anterior lobe and paramedian lobule

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18
Q

What type of activity does both VSCT & DSCT have during gait stepping cycle? 

A

Phasic activity

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19
Q

DSCT cells driven by proprioceptive afferents

A

unconscious proprioception

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20
Q

VSCT cells driven by descending motor commands

A

Efferent copy

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21
Q

CCT axons from ACN enter the

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle innervating areas representing primary afferents from upper extremity

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22
Q

Cutaneous input enters cerebellum from neurons in

A

main cuneate nucleus – providing proprioceptive input from hands and fingers

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23
Q

Primary afferents from UE proprioceptors ascend in which tract?

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

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24
Q

Where does the cuneocerebellar tract (CCT) end?

A

Accessory (lateral) cuneate nucleus (ACN) of caudal medulla

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25
Q

CCT axons from ACN enter thru the

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle innervating areas representing UE

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26
Q

CCT axons from ACN carry information from -MGJ

A

Muscle spindles, GTOs & joints

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27
Q

Rostral spinocerebellar tract (RSCT) arise from 

A

Cells scattered thru cervical segments

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28
Q

Rostral spinocerebellar tract (RSCT) rise ipsilaterally thru

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle but evidence for contralaterally rising axons which enter thru superior cerebellar peduncle

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29
Q

Where does rostral spinocerebellar tract (RSCT) end? (homunculus)

A

Both LE & UE representations of ipsilateral anterior & posterior lobes of cerebellum

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30
Q

Trigeminocerebellar tract (TCT ) projection comes from cells in which nuclei (s)?

A

Mesencephalic Chief sensory and Spinal tract nuclei of CN V

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31
Q

Fibers of the Trigeminocerebellar tract (TCT ) projection enter thru (peduncle)

A

Superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles

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32
Q

Trigeminocerebellar tract axons end (homunculus)

A

Ipsilaterally in the posterior lobe area with face representation

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33
Q

Role of the cerebellum in many cognitive functions related to hearing: ALAAS

A
  • Auditory processing
  • Language processing & linguistic
  • Auditory memory
  • Abstract reasoning & solution of problems
  • Sensorial discrimination & information processing operations
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34
Q

Other Inputs of Paleo (Spino)-cerebellum:

A

Visual & Auditory

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35
Q

Where do visual & auditory inputs end?

A

In same region as face representation in posterior lobe

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36
Q

Visual inputs provide sense of

A

Verticality & horizontality from the visual space for maintenance of upright stance

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37
Q

The cerebellum participates in many cognitive functions related to hearing:

A

Speech generation

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38
Q

Outputs from the cerebellum include both - IF

A

Fastigial and interposed nuclear outputs

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39
Q

Fastigial Nucleus Outputs include:

A

Vermal outputs to vestibular & reticular nuclei -project bilaterally to control axial muscles.

Vermal outputs projects to VL of the thalamus-

Function in control of proximal musculature during movement Providing proximal stability for distal mobility

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40
Q

What is Gait?

A

Voluntarily deployed movement Instinctual, not learned – stepping movements early in development Stepping patterns present at birth Operational synergies contained in spinal cord in the form of central pattern generators (CPGs) The person consciously modifies organized synergies based upon environmental demands

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41
Q

Gait is a function which integrates control of - C2BS 

A

Cortical areas, Cerebellum Basal ganglia, and Spinal cord

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42
Q

Abnormalities of gait is seen when there is

A

Dysfunction of a variety of nervous system structures.

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43
Q

Cause of gait disturbances

A

a variety of non-neural causes

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44
Q

Ataxic Gait

A

Wide base of support with irregular/erratic weight shifts and velocity -cerebellar in origin

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45
Q

Parkinsonian gait SN

A

Slow, stiff, shuffling gait, no arm swing but can be a quick, short stepping (festinating gait)

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46
Q

Diplegic (spastic) gait CP

A

Often faster, ataxic, stiff leg, circumducted, adducted, hip & knees flexes, plantar flexion, foot drop, flexed arm posture with no swing

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47
Q

Hemiplegic (spastic) gait CS

A

Slow, stiff leg, circumduction, foot drop, flexed arm posture with no swing

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48
Q

Tabetic gait

A

The term comes from tabies dorsalis – syphilitic cell death of dorsal root ganglion cells but may be due to other conditions

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49
Q

Tabetic gait (sensory ataxia)

A

Wide base of support, high stepping (steppage), drop foot, irregular/erratic cadence, ataxia- due to peripheral nerve damage

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50
Q

Dyskinetic gait CSt

A

Rapid, fragmented movement intrusions, ataxia, dance like movement

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51
Q

Ideational apraxia CPO

A

Inability to organize single actions into a sequence for intended purpose- Loss of knowledge of the movement

52
Q

Ideomotor apraxia SmG & SPL

A

Inability to translate the idea of the action into an appropriate motor program- Lack of proper sequencing of movement.

53
Q

Kinetic apraxia PMC

A

A form of clumsiness, loss of hand and finger dexterity not due to paresis, ataxia, or sensory loss

54
Q

Oral apraxia IGG

A

Inability to execute facial movements on command

55
Q

Hemiplegic gait associated with.CS

A

Cerebral stroke

56
Q

Parkinson’s disease associated with. SN

A

Cell death substantia nigra compacta

57
Q

Diplegic gait associated with. CP

A

Cerebral Palsy

58
Q

Oral apraxia associated with IFG

A

Damage of the inferior frontal gyrus continuous with Broca’s area

59
Q

Kinetic apraxia associated with. PMC

A

Damage to pre-motor cortex

60
Q

Ideomotor apraxia associated with SmG & SPL

A

Damage to supramarginal gyrus / superior parietal lobule

61
Q

Ideational apraxia associated with C-PO

A

Cortical – no specific area but parieto-occipital area very important

62
Q

Dyskinetic gait associated with damage toCSt

A

Basal nuclei – caudate or subthalamic nucleus

63
Q

T / F- Reaching across midline is faster & more accurate than reaching on the same side

A

F slower & less accurate

64
Q

How does loss of somatosensory input affect reaching?

A

Reaching problems experienced immediately after loss of sensation Skills return gradually but only for simple reaching movements New or complex movements are impaired

65
Q

How does loss of somatosensory input affect grasp

A

Somatosensory input is essential for grip Loss of cutaneous sensation prevents control of slip of objects within grasp. Abnormal increase occurs in the force of muscles of grasp to compensate for lack of “slip” information. Elevated force of grip is often decreased over 20-30 sec & 7 of 10 subjects dropped objects at least once Both slowly adapting & fast adapting neurons in somatosensory cortex respond to slipping objects

66
Q

Which cortex initiates the concept of reaching and grasping-

A

Supplementary motor cortex

67
Q

Neural Basis of reaching and grasping involves

A

Posterior parietal cortex & premotor cortex.

68
Q

Loss of somatosensory input & grasp

A

Somatosensory input is essential for grip Loss of cutaneous sensation prevents control of slip of objects within grasp Abnormal Increase in the force of muscles of grasp to compensate for lack of “slip” information. Elevated force of grip is often decreased over 20-30 sec & 7 of 10 subjects dropped objects at least once Both slowly adapting & fast adapting neurons in somatosensory cortex respond to slipping objects

69
Q

There are two separate motor pathways for reaching and grasp. In an infant reaching occurs at ____ week, while grip appears after______ week

A

1 week, 10 weeks.

70
Q

Motor cortex neurons active in precision grip are _______in power grips

A

inactive

71
Q

Which part of the cortex initiates the concept of reaching and grasping-

A

Supplementary motor cortex

72
Q

Which gyrus provides the motivation to accomplish the act of reaching & grasping.

A

Anterior cingulate gyrus

73
Q

T / F- Reaching tasks when standing requires less postural support than when sitting. Postural demands can effect speed accuracy of reaching tasks

A

False more postural support

74
Q

Cortical area responsible for providing numerous descriptions of objects for manipulation & multiple strategies to grasp objects

A

The posterior parietal cortex

75
Q

Two hypotheses in targeting distances

A

Joint angle hypothesis Distance point hypothesis

76
Q

Joint angle hypothesis

A

Select proper joint angle to reach the point

77
Q

Which part of the cortex helps with choosing the best strategies for reaching & grasping?

A

The premotor cortex

78
Q

Motor cortex neurons active in precision grip are

A

inactive in power grips

79
Q

Theories of Targeting

A

distance or location Both strategies are used depending upon the task and context

80
Q

Distance programming theory

A

Individual perceives a distance to target and programs the activation of muscles at level & pattern to propel hand/arm that distance Most studies would suggest that: Slow movements are accomplished by distance strategy

81
Q

Role of cerebellum in reaching & grasping

A

More active during reaching and grasp than just gripping an object

82
Q

Ballistic movements are accomplished by

A

a combination of both distance & location strategies

83
Q

Most axons from the globose & emboliform nuclei end in

A

VL nucleus of thalamus and project to motor cortex

84
Q

The cerebellum plays a role in

A

Anticipatory postural adjustments for reaching tasks – particularly those for which the person had not been previously trained

85
Q

T / F- Because of the shift of the center of mass in a reaching task, there is task dependence with the interaction between postural support and reaching tasks.

A

True

86
Q

Two forms of grasping

A

Precision grip & Power grip

87
Q

Precision grip

A

Grasping a pen or needle- mediated by the primary motor cortex with very specific activation of Individual cortical motor neuron projections

88
Q

Power grip

A

Holding a hammer or climbing a rope- mediated by both cortical motor & noncortico motor projections

89
Q

Neuroanatomical areas that control grasping

A

Visomotor transformations -mediated by the PPC and premotor cortex

90
Q

T / F- Reaching tasks when standing requires less postural support than when sitting. Postural demands can effect speed & accuracy of reaching tasks

A

False more

91
Q

Key elements to reach, grasp & manipulate tasks are:

A

Locating the target - also called visual regard

Coordination of eye and hand motions Reaching •

Translocation of arm & hand in space •

Postural support Grasping including grip & release

In hand manipulation of object

92
Q

T/F - External support of trunk decreasing postural demands movements are faster & more accurate. Hence children supported in a shopping cart can seem to reach really fast to grab stuff off the shelf

A

True

93
Q

Feedforward Control is necessary for

A

the anticipation of events & resultant actions based upon previous experiences. In a new task, Visual information updates previous experiences.

94
Q

Steps of reaching and grasping: Step 1- Target Location which involves Eye-Head Coordination.

A

When object in peripheral vision sequence of events

Eye movement – shortest latency & begins before head movement

Head movement – EMG activation of neck musculature 20-40 msec BEFORE eye muscles but inertia of head > eyes so eyes move first. Eyes focus on object before head stops moving – so eyes must maintain that position and focus as the head is still moving

95
Q

Steps of reaching and grasping: Step 1- Target Location which involves Eye-Head Coordination

A

When vision of object needed, head moves 60-75% distance to target and the eyes complete the motion. However when greater accuracy needed full head eye simultaneous movement to target occurs

96
Q

There are 3 distinct conditions in target location- CEL

A

Control of eye & head movement

Eye movement alone Locate in far periphery, eye, head & trunk movement together

97
Q

Step 2- Visual Pathways & Movement – Parietal cortex

A

Focus on stable visual image with eye movement. Anticipate amount of eye & head movement and update brain’s representation of the visual field based upon anticipated movement. Eye “catches up” to the brain’s updated image through visual saccades - seen with the Parietal neurons firing 80 msec prior to visual saccades. Parietal neurons have corollary discharges to other brain regions- pre-motor cortex & frontal eye fields. Neurons driving both saccadic movements & UE movements are both located adjacent to UE 1° motor cortex in the frontal eye fields and pre-motor cortex respectively

98
Q

Step 3- about Eye-Hand Coordination

A

Hand movements are more accurate when accompanied by eye movements. Increased gain & decreased latency of visual pursuit movements when hand follows the target. Linkage between hand and eye movement are through afferent copy or corollary discharge rather than proprioceptive feedback because it is too fast to rely upon feedback. Proprioceptive feedback does assist in accuracy of visual & manual pursuit Reach and the grasp. Point to an object - arm and hand is controlled as one unit. Reaching to grasp - hand is controlled independently of rest of arm

99
Q

Two forms of Feedback used in reaching tasks VP

A

Visual & proprioceptive There is no clear evidence of which strategy used so probably a combination of the two strategies feedback

100
Q

Proprioceptive

A

joint angle

101
Q

Visual

A

point in space.

102
Q

Location programming theory 

A

Nervous system programs the relative activation of antagonistic muscles to move limb to a certain position in 3-D space

103
Q

Ballistic movements are accomplished by

A

a combination of both distance & location strategies

104
Q

Axons from globose and emboliform nuclei exit & decussate in_______ as______andterminate in the______ part of red nucleus. These axons activate the _____ and are also ____________ fibers

A

superior cerebellar peduncle, Cerebellorubral fibers, magnocellular, rubrospinal pathways, cerebellothalamic

105
Q

Most axons from the globose & emboliform nuclei end in

A

VL nucleus of thalamus and project to motor cortex

106
Q

Function of Globose and emboliform nuclei pathways to both the red nucleus and through the thalamus to the motor cortex are involved in

A

Fine motor control of the upper extremity.

107
Q

Damage to Globose and emboliform nuclei pathways produces a

A

3-5 Hz Intention tremor during reaching tasks. No similar effect of damage on gait or standing balance

108
Q

Neuroanatomical areas controlling grasping

A

Visomotor transformations -mediated by the PPC and premotor cortex

109
Q

Damage to the PPC and premotor cortex causes

A

Impaired preshaping of the hand during goal-directed grasping

110
Q

Key elements to reach, grasp & manipulation tasks are:

A

Locating the target - also called visual regard Coordination of eye and hand motions Reaching • Translocation of arm & hand in space • Postural support Grasping including grip & release In hand manipulation of object

111
Q

There are 3 distinct conditions in target location- CEL

A

Control of eye & head movement Eye movement alone Locate in far periphery, eye, head & trunk movement together

112
Q

Anticipation of the requirements of the task

A

Feedforward control

113
Q

Feedforward Control is necessary for

A

the anticipation of events & resultant actions based upon previous experiences. In a new task, Visual information updates previous experiences.

114
Q

When pointing to an object the arm and hand is controlled as

A

One unit

115
Q

When reaching to grasp the hand is controlled

A

independently of rest of arm

116
Q

Reaching alone as in pointing and reaching for grasp are 

A

Two separate processes controlled by different sets of neurons

117
Q

Velocity profiles are different depending upon task

A

Point & touch versus Grasp

118
Q

Types of reaching tasks done in rehab

A
  • Reach & point
  • Reach & grasp
  • Reach, grasp & throw
  • Reach, grasp & manipulate
  • Reach, grasp & place in box or remove from box
119
Q

Part of the brain that cognates and recognizes sizes

A

Ventral visual stream -cognitive recognition of the relative size of objects; A pathway to the temporal lobe.

120
Q

Ebbinghaus illusion

A

The disk surrounded by smaller circles appears larger than a disk surrounded by large circles.

121
Q

Grip size is controlled through the

A

Dorsal visual stream to the posterior parietal cortex

122
Q

Size recognition is controlled by the

A

Ventral visual stream to the temporal lobe

123
Q

Visual feedback has an important kinematic effect on

A

Reaching.

124
Q

T / F- Reaching with visual feedback longer duration but greater accuracy than without visual feedback

A

T

125
Q

Cortically blind but visual behaviors- significant correlation between pointing and target position mediated by superior colliculus  Role in grasp studies- No difference in the kinematics of the grasp component with or without visual feedback. However when vision is used to enhance grasp accuracy, the thumb position in relation to wrist is the key to visual feedback of grasp

A

T

neuro final exam (10 decks)

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