Neuro Test 3 part 2

Question 1

Where does input to basal ganglia come from?

Answer 1

The cerebral cortex

Question 2

Corticospinal Tract nerve fibers can communicate with what?

Answer 2

Corticospinal fibers give off collaterals to:

1. Basal Ganglia
2. Thalamus
3. Reticular Formation
4. Various Sensory Nuclei–i.e. posterior column nuclei.

Question 3

Where do corticospinal tracts end? Or rather what other terminal targets?

Answer 3

Some synapse in the posterior horn–sensory.
Intermediate Grey matter–Autonomic
Anterior horn–motoneurons or interneurons
Therefore the corticospinal tract regulates information on ascending pathways, Regulates activity of motor neurons via interneurons in addition to directly synapsing on lower motor neurons.

Question 4

What are corticobulbar fibers? What are the three structure types that they will synapse with?

Answer 4

Brainstem sensory relay nuclei
Reticular formation
Motor nuclei of cranial nerves for exampled facial nerve cranial nerve seven

Question 5

What three structures make up the striatum?

Answer 5

Putamen
Caudate Nucleus
Nucleus Accumbens

Question 6

What is the lentiform nucleus made of?

Answer 6

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

Question 7

What is the definition of a motor unit?

Answer 7

A motor unit is a lower motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 8

Define upper motoneurons

Answer 8

Neurons whose axons descend to 1. the spinal cord or 2. cranial nerve motor nuclei to affect the activity of lower motor neurons.

Question 9

Name the five nuclei of the basal ganglia

Answer 9

Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

Substantia Nigra
Subthalamic Nuclei

Question 10

Describe the physical appearance of the striatum.

Name the three structures that make up the striatum.

Answer 10

Stripes of gray matter through this cerebral cortex.

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

Question 11

Described the parallel circuit pathway of the association cortex

Answer 11

Association Cortex…Caudate Nucleus…Internal Globus Pallidus…Thalamus…Association Cortex

Question 12

Described the parallel circuits pathway of the sensory motor cortex

Answer 12

Sensory motor cortex…Putamen…External Globus Pallidus…Thalamus…Sensory Motor Cortex

Question 13

Described the parallel circuit pathway of the limbic areas

Answer 13

Limbic area…Nucleus Accumbens…Ventral Pallidum…Thalamus…Limbic Areas.

Question 14

What makes the cerebellum unique and special?

Answer 14

The cerebellum is known as the little brain. It contains as many neurons as the rest of the central nervous system. The cerebellum is anchored by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles. It is the great coordinator of muscle action. It does everything subconsciously to free the cerebral cortex for conscious perceptions and thoughts

15% of cortex is on the surface and 85% are fissures that fold on themselves…Gyri called folia.

Question 15

In the direct and indirect circuit loop, is the path of D1 excitatory or inhibitory for the loop? What about D2? Which one is direct and which is indirect?

Answer 15

D1 is direct and is excitatory

D2 is indirect and is inhibitory

Question 16

Describe the Direct Loop of the Cerebral Cortex. Include the 4 structures and the neurostransmitters GABA and Glutamate.

Answer 16

Cerebral Cortex...glutamate...
Striatum...GABA...
Globus Pallidus...GABA...
Thalamus...Glutamate...
Cerebral Cortex.

Question 17

Describe the Indirect Loop of the Cerebral Cortex. Include the 4 structures and the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate.

Answer 17

Cerebral Cortex...Glutamate...
Subthalamus...Glutamate...
Globus Pallidus...GABA...
Thalamus...Glutamate...
Cerebral Cortex

Question 18

What is the pathway of the group of neurons heading to or from the cerebellum from one of the middle peduncles?

Answer 18

Middle cerebellar peduncle is composed of crossed pontocerebellar fibers projecting from the pontine nuclei of the basal pons.

Delivers influences from the corticopontine tract.

Question 19

What is the pathway of the group of neurons heading to or from the cerebellum from the superior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 19

Contains fibers of the anterior spinocerebellar tract, which terminate in the anterior lobe.

Question 20

There are Vestibular nuclei in the brainstem and it is connected to the cerebellum. Name some structures within this context.

Answer 20

Justarestiform
Fastigiobulbar fibers
Flocculonodular
Vestibulocerebellar

Question 21

The middle cerebellar fibers for traveling from the basal ganglia into the cerebellum.

Answer 21

Pontocerebellar fibers

Question 22

The superior cerebellar peduncle has what fibers traveling through it?

Answer 22

Spinocerebellar tract

Question 23

What are the different types of output circuitry that come from the superior cerebellar peduncle.

What is the prefix that these output usually have?

Answer 23

Dentate, Emboliform, Globose.

Dentato-
dentatorubral, dentatothalamic, dentatoreticular