Basal Ganglia

Question 1

What is the term that used to define basal ganglia disorders?
Disorders of Basal Ganglia commonly show what two symptoms?

Answer 1

Extrapyramidal disorder.
Involuntary movements.
Fluctuating muscle tone.

Question 2

Name the 5 basal ganglia

Answer 2

Putamen
Globus pallidus
Caudate nucleus
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nuclei

Question 3

What creates the Striatum appearance between the putamen and caudate nucleus?
The term Striatum is a term commonly used to refer to what?

Answer 3

Bridges of gray matter in streaks across the internal capsule between the nuclei.
Putamen and Caudate nucleus collectively.

Question 4

Putamen and Globus Pallidus have different connections but since they are physically apposed, they are together called? 2 possibilities

The Putamen and Globus pallidus are collectively referred to this term.

Answer 4

Lenticular nucleus or lentiform nucleus “lens shaped”

Question 5

What are the 2 parts of the Globus pallidus and the Substantia nigra?

Answer 5

Globus pallidus
external (GPe)
internal (GPi)

Substantia nigra
compact part (SNc)
reticular part (SNr)

Question 6

What is the Lenticular nucles?

Describe its shape.

Answer 6

Lenticular nucleus –Putamen and Globus pallidus– is shaped like a wedge cut from a sphere.

Question 7

Basal Ganglia Circuitry

Define Principle/Direct Circuitry

Answer 7

The principle/direct circuitry is a loop

1. starts with projections from an area of the cerebral cortex…
2. …to the basal ganglia (striatum and globus pallidus)…
3. …and returns to the cerebral cortex through the thalamus.

Question 8

Direct Loop Circuitry

1. Where does the loop begin?
2. What do those projections travel through to get to the next destination?
3. What is the name of the first destination?
4. Are outputs from this nucleus excitatory or inhibitory?
5. Where do these go?
6. Are outputs from this nucleus excitatory or inhibitory?
7. Where do these neurotransmittors go?
8. Are outputs from this nucleus excitatory or inhibitory?
9. Where do these neurotransmittors go?

Answer 8

1. The loop begins in the Cerebral Cortex
2. Internal or external capsule.
3. Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
4. inhibitory, GABA
5. GPi and SNr
6. inhibitory, GABA
7. Thalamus
8. Excitatory, Glutamate
9. Cerebral cortex

Question 9

Parallel Loops through the Basal Ganglia

Describe general projection for cognitive loops.

Answer 9

Association cortex
Caudate nucleus
Internal Globus Pallidus
Dorsal medial nucleus of Thalamus
Association Cortex

Question 10

Parallel Loops through the Basal Ganglia

Describe general projection for movement loops

Answer 10

Sensory motor cortex
Putamen
External Globus Pallidus
Ventral anterior and Ventral lateral nucleus of Thalamus
Sensory motor cortex

Question 11

Parallel Loops through the Basal Ganglia

Describe general projection for Affect or drive related loops

Answer 11

Limbic areas
Nucleus accumbens
Ventral pallidium
Thalamus
Limbic areas.