NEURO Reviewer Flashcards
Facial processing is in this pathway
Parvocellular
Recognition & discrimination of visual shapes & objects
Ventral
Spatial awareness
Dorsal
Also known as “Where” stream
Dorsal
It is only in this part of the visual pathway that impulses from corresponding points of two retinal meet
Visual Cortex
Information from the contralateral eye goes to what layer?
Layers 1,4,6
These layers of LGN receive signals that travel by the parvocellular pathway
Layer 3-6
Flattened structure above pituitary fossa
Optic chiasma
This type of fibes passes straight into temporal part of optic disc
Macular Fibers
This is responsible for the visually-guided behavior
Dorsal
Large cells pass to through this pathway
Magnocellular
This is in charge for the movement perception
Magnocellular
Lesion this part will result to congruous homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
Visual Cortex
Lesions on this part will give rise to incongruous homonymous hemianopia
Optic Tracts
Bitemporal & Binasal hemianopia could be seen if the px has a lesion on this part
Optic Chiasma
It is also known as the “What” stream
Ventral
Pie on the sky type of defect could be seen if this area has a lesion
Optic Radiations
Baums & Meyers loop are both alternative name of this
Optic Radiations
These fibers pass above & below as arcuate fibers
Temporal Fibers
Lesions of this area will lead to congruous homonymous macular defect
Visual Cortex
Triad of Horner’s syndrome
- Miosis
- Ptosis
- Anhidrosis
2 major muscles responsible for pupil reactions
- Dilator pupillae muscle
- Sphincter pupillae muscle
3 types of Reflexes
- Light reflex
- Near reflex
- Darkness reflex
Synkinesis of near reflex
- Accommodation
- Convergence
- Miosis
Enumerate the Afferent Pathway Defects
- Total Afferent Pathway Defect (TAPD)
- Relative Afferent Pathway Defect (RAPD)
Enumerate Efferent Pathway Defects
- Adie’s Tonic Pupil
- Argyll Robertson Pupil (ARP)
- Horner’s syndrome (Oculosympathetic Paresis)?
less common type of hemorrhagic stoke
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
second type of hemorrhagic stroke
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
most common type of hemorrhagic stroke
Intracerebral hemorrhage
fatty deposits form a clot
Plaque
medical term for severely reduced blood flow
Ischemia
medical term for tissue death
Infarction
heyperextension
Coup injury
brain moves backward
Countercoup injury
mechanically induced & occur at the moment of injury
Primary injury
classification of TBI, isolated to one specific area of the brain
Focal Injury
leading cause of death & disability in children/adults from 1-44 y/o
TBI
A typical cluster HA lasts
4-8 weeks
spreading front of tingling & numbness, from one body part to another
Sensory aura
A migraine theory, pain results from muscular tension
Second theory
In biochemical changes theory, which neurotransmitter is released
Serotonin
Primary HA Syndrome
- Tension type HA
- Migraine
- Trigeminal Neuralgia
- Cluster HA
Triggers of Migraine (4S-2F-2M-2C-THOP)
Stress
Strong odors
Smoking
Sleep changes
Flashing lights
Fatigue
Menstruation
Menopause
Chocolate
Caffeine
Tyramine
Hunger
Oral contraceptives
Pregnancy
Classification of TBI
- Closed brain injury
- Open brain injury
General classification of stroke
- Ischemic stroke
- Hemorrhagic stroke
defined by a difference in the size of the two pupils of 0.4mm or greater
Anisocoria
A lesion in this part produces subtle & transient anisocoria
Midbrain
Voluntary fixation
Premotor cortical region of Frontal lobe
Involuntary fixation
Secondary visual area in Occipital cortex
quick, ballistic eye movement that allows us to change fixation point from one target to another
Saccade / Saccadic movement
visually guided movements & after catch-up saccade, eyes can track the target smoothly
Pursuit movement
necessary interval between the onset of the target & onset of the eye movement for target fixation
200ms
both eyes are in adduction
Convergence
far objects fixation
Divergence
Horizontal gaze center
Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation (PPRF)
controls horizontal movement of the eyes
PPRF
Vertical gaze center is located in
Mesencephalon
concerned with intentional saccades to the opposite (contralateral) direction
Frontal eye fields
If this is damaged, the px cannot look to the right side if asked
Left frontal eye field
generate express saccades that are not associated with planned movements of the eyes
Superior colliculus
in charge of your thought process
Frontal lobe
receives & identify sensory information
Parietal lobe
controls the release of most hormones
Pituitary gland
in charge of your body temp, hunger, and thirst
Hypothalamus
lets you perceive things like touch, taste & pain
Parietal lobe
in charge of your auditory process
Temporal lobe
controls your breathing, heartbeat, facial expressions, etc
Brainstem
interprets visual images
Occipital lobe
helps you coordinate when you move
Cerebellum
helps you make long-term memories
Hippocampus
where voluntary motor ability starts
Frontal lobe
this lobe is in charge of your sensory & motor perception
Parietal lobe
where decision making, initiation of plans, and termination of actions takes place
Frontal lobe
lobe in charge of your vision
Occipital lobe
this lobe is in charge of language comprehension
Temporal lobe
Superior Rectus: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Action
Primary: Elevation
Secondary: Incyclotorsion
Tertiary: Adduction
Inferior Rectus: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Action
Primary: Depression
Secondary: Excyclotorsion
Tertiary: Adduction
Medial Rectus: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Action
Primary: Adduction
Secondary: None
Tertiary: None
Lateral Rectus: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Action
Primary: Abduction
Secondary: None
Tertiary: None
Inferior Oblique: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Action
Primary: Excyclotorsion
Secondary: Elevation
Tertiary: Abduction
Superior Oblique: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Action
Primary: Incyclotorsion
Secondary: Depression
Tertiary: Abduction
What muscles for dilation & constriction
Dilator pupillae - dilation
Sphincter pupillae - constriction
