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Patho - Neuro > Neuro Review > Flashcards

Neuro Review Flashcards

1
Q

cells of the nervous system

A

neurons(nerve) and glial(glue) cells

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2
Q

two types of glial cells

A

macroglia and microglia

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3
Q

3 types of macroglia

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

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4
Q

glial cells that produce myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes

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5
Q

glial cells forming blood/brain barrier; proliferation causes gliosis in the CNS

A

astrocytes

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6
Q

glial cells that line the brain ventricles and secrete CSF

A

ependymal

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7
Q

Glial cell important in phagocytosis

A

microglia

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8
Q

can cells of the nervous system repair/replicate

A

generally cannot replicate, see what the future holds

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9
Q

whats the bad thing that can happen if astrocytes divide/multiply

A

form tumors

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10
Q

what is not normally found in CSF

A

microglia

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11
Q

when is microglia found in CSF

A

when there is an infection/inflammatory process

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12
Q

which cells of the nervous system do we have more of

A

glial cells

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13
Q

what brings impulse into the cell

A

dendrites

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14
Q

which brings impulses out of the cell

A

axons

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15
Q

what does the myelin sheath do

A

allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly/effectively along nerve cells

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16
Q

what does myelin allow

A

saltatory conduction

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17
Q

what does saltatory conduction do

A

allows for faster conduction along the protected outside portion of the cell

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18
Q

the difference in charge between the interior and exterior of a cell is called the

A

resting membrane potential (more sodium ions outside; more potassium ions inside)

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19
Q

when does a nerve impulse begin

A

a stimulus disturbs the plasma membrane on a dendrite causing sodium channels to open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell, lessening the charge difference

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20
Q

what is an action potential

A

moving depolarization (Na+ ions rush into cell)

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21
Q

what is re-polarizing of the cell

A

rapid flow of K+ ions out of the cell so inside is (-) and the outside is (+)

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22
Q

CNS consists of what

A

brain
spinal cord
cranial nerves I and II

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23
Q

What are the nervous system functions

A

sensory
integrative
motor

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24
Q

the spinal cord is continuous with the brain stem t or f

A

true

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25
Q

the spinal cord exits the brain through what part

A

foramen magnum* (only opening in the skull)

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26
Q

the last several nerve roots coming off the spinal cord, resembling a horses tale, are known as

A

cauda equina

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27
Q

cerebrum consists of

A 
cerebral cortex (thin layer of gray tissue)
2 hemispheres (rt/lt)
4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
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28
Q

the folded bulges are known as

A

gyri

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29
Q

the deep furrows are known as

A

sulci

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30
Q

the purpose of the folds is to

A

increases surface area, more brain material, allows us to process more information

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31
Q

what connects the right and left sides of the brain

A

corpus callosum - allows them to communicate

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32
Q

where is the frontal lobe located

A

behind the forehead

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33
Q

the frontal lobe is the largest lobe of the brain, t or f

A

true

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34
Q

effects of injury on the frontal lobe

A

memory
language
social/sexual behavior
emotions/impulses

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35
Q

is the frontal lobe prone to injury?

A

yes - sit just inside the front of the skull near bony ridges

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36
Q

the frontal lobes are involved in

A 
planning/organizing
problem solving/decision making
memory retention
voluntary eye/motor movement
expressive speech
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37
Q

where is the parietal lobe located

A

behind the frontal lobes

38
Q

damage to parietal lobes result in

A

inability to locate/recognize parts of the body

39
Q

the parietal lobe is involved in

A

interpret spatial info (point to foot and they can’t tell you what it is)
sensory cortex

40
Q

where is the temporal lobe

A

sides of the head (level of the ears)

41
Q

the temporal lobe is involved in

A 
visual/auditory data
wernickes area (borders parietal) = receptive speech
42
Q

damage to the temporal lobe results in

A

hearing loss
language problems
sensory problems (inability to recognize someones face)

43
Q

damage to the occipital lobe results in

A

vision problems

44
Q

where is the occipital lobe located

A

back of the head

45
Q

the occipital lobe is involved in

A

processing of sight

46
Q

what is the role of basal ganglia

A

initiation, execution of voluntary movements
learning
emotional response

47
Q

what is the role of the thalamus

A

relay center for getting information to the cerebral cortex

48
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus

A

homeostasis; regulating autonomic/endocrine system

49
Q

the limbic system is also known as the

A

primitive brain

50
Q

the limbic system is responsible for

A

emotion, aggression, feeding behavior, sexual response

51
Q

the brain stem is located…

A

at the base of the brain

52
Q

the brain-stem is composed of

A

mid-brain
pons
medulla

53
Q

injury to the brain-stem can disrupt these functions

A

HR
breathing
swallowing

54
Q

the medulla is responsible for

A

respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac fxn

55
Q

reticular formation is responsible for

A

relaying sensory information
influence excite/inhibit of spinal motor neurons
controls vasomotor/resp activity

56
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

arousal/sleep wake transitions

+ centers for sneezing, coughing, hiccuping, vomiting, sucking, swallowing

57
Q

the cerebellum is located

A

at the back of the brain

58
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

coordinates voluntary movement
maintains trunk stability/equilibrium
allows us to: stand upright, keep balance, move around

59
Q

if the cerebellum is injured what could happen

A

uncoordinated movement
loss of muscle tone
unsteady gait

60
Q

the peripheral nervous system is made up of

A

somatic nervous system

peripheral components of autonomic nervous system

61
Q

the somatic nervous system is composed of

A

cranial nerves III-XII

spinal nerves

62
Q

the cranial nerves go from your brain to:

A

eyes, mouth, ears, other parts of head

63
Q

your central nerves are in your

A

brain and spinal cord

64
Q

peripheral nerves go from spinal cord to

A

arms, legs, hands and feet

65
Q

automatic nerves go from your spinal cord to your

A

lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder and sex organs

66
Q

spinal nerve emerges from

A

spinal cord through opening in vertebrae

67
Q

the nerve divides into 2 branches

A

dorsal root

ventral root

68
Q

each spinal nerve is made up of a

A

a dorsal and ventral root

69
Q

pneumonic for spinal cord nerve origins

A

same dave

70
Q

what does same dave stand for

A

sensory - afferent
motor - efferent
dorsal - afferent
ventral - efferent

71
Q

sometimes spinal nerves will go off individually, sometimes they will form a plexus, t or f

A

true

72
Q

the autonomic nervous system functions at a conscious or subconscious level

A

subconscious level

73
Q

when do we know the ANS is activated

A

fight or flight

74
Q

the ANS tries to maintain

A

homeostasis

75
Q

the ANS is comprised of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, t or f

A

true

76
Q

which ANS system is responsible for fight or flight

A

sympathetic

77
Q

the sympathetic division stems from the

A

spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar spine)

78
Q

the neuro transmitter at the pre-ganglionic junction of the sympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine

79
Q

what neuro transmitter will be at the 1st ganglionic synapse (at the target organ) in the sympathetic nervous system

A

norepinephrine

80
Q

what type of receptor do you have to have for norepinephrine

A

alpha and beta

81
Q

is the sympathetic division adrenergic or cholinergic

A

adrenergic

82
Q

is the parasympathetic adrenergic or cholinergic

A

cholinergic

83
Q

the parasympathetic comes from the

A

medulla and spinal cord at the sacrum

84
Q

what neurotransmitter will be at the pre-ganglionic junction AND the 1st ganglionic synapse of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine - for both

85
Q

receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

nicotinic and muscarininc

86
Q

neurotransmitters can be excitatory, inhibitory, or both

A

both

87
Q

neurotransmitters will continue to combine with receptor sites at post-synaptic membranes until they are

A

inactivated by enzymes
taken up by pre-synaptic endings
diffused away form synaptic region

88
Q

what are the meninges

A

membranes covering the brain/spinal cord

89
Q

meninges consist of 3 parts

A

Pia matter, arachnoid, dura matter

90
Q

the spinal cord usually stops around

A

L-1; L-2

91
Q

the circle of Willis

A

acts as safety valve during occlusion of the pathway

supplies blood to the brain

92
Q

what is unique about the veins in the brain

A

no valves in the brain

Patho - Neuro (6 decks)

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