Neuro Review Flashcards
cells of the nervous system
neurons(nerve) and glial(glue) cells
two types of glial cells
macroglia and microglia
3 types of macroglia
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
glial cells that produce myelin sheath
oligodendrocytes
glial cells forming blood/brain barrier; proliferation causes gliosis in the CNS
astrocytes
glial cells that line the brain ventricles and secrete CSF
ependymal
Glial cell important in phagocytosis
microglia
can cells of the nervous system repair/replicate
generally cannot replicate, see what the future holds
whats the bad thing that can happen if astrocytes divide/multiply
form tumors
what is not normally found in CSF
microglia
when is microglia found in CSF
when there is an infection/inflammatory process
which cells of the nervous system do we have more of
glial cells
what brings impulse into the cell
dendrites
which brings impulses out of the cell
axons
what does the myelin sheath do
allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly/effectively along nerve cells
what does myelin allow
saltatory conduction
what does saltatory conduction do
allows for faster conduction along the protected outside portion of the cell
the difference in charge between the interior and exterior of a cell is called the
resting membrane potential (more sodium ions outside; more potassium ions inside)
when does a nerve impulse begin
a stimulus disturbs the plasma membrane on a dendrite causing sodium channels to open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell, lessening the charge difference
what is an action potential
moving depolarization (Na+ ions rush into cell)
what is re-polarizing of the cell
rapid flow of K+ ions out of the cell so inside is (-) and the outside is (+)
CNS consists of what
brain
spinal cord
cranial nerves I and II
What are the nervous system functions
sensory
integrative
motor
the spinal cord is continuous with the brain stem t or f
true
the spinal cord exits the brain through what part
foramen magnum* (only opening in the skull)
the last several nerve roots coming off the spinal cord, resembling a horses tale, are known as
cauda equina
cerebrum consists of
cerebral cortex (thin layer of gray tissue) 2 hemispheres (rt/lt) 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
the folded bulges are known as
gyri
the deep furrows are known as
sulci
the purpose of the folds is to
increases surface area, more brain material, allows us to process more information
what connects the right and left sides of the brain
corpus callosum - allows them to communicate
where is the frontal lobe located
behind the forehead
the frontal lobe is the largest lobe of the brain, t or f
true
effects of injury on the frontal lobe
memory
language
social/sexual behavior
emotions/impulses
is the frontal lobe prone to injury?
yes - sit just inside the front of the skull near bony ridges
the frontal lobes are involved in
planning/organizing problem solving/decision making memory retention voluntary eye/motor movement expressive speech
where is the parietal lobe located
behind the frontal lobes
damage to parietal lobes result in
inability to locate/recognize parts of the body
the parietal lobe is involved in
interpret spatial info (point to foot and they can’t tell you what it is)
sensory cortex
where is the temporal lobe
sides of the head (level of the ears)
the temporal lobe is involved in
visual/auditory data wernickes area (borders parietal) = receptive speech
damage to the temporal lobe results in
hearing loss
language problems
sensory problems (inability to recognize someones face)
damage to the occipital lobe results in
vision problems
where is the occipital lobe located
back of the head
the occipital lobe is involved in
processing of sight
what is the role of basal ganglia
initiation, execution of voluntary movements
learning
emotional response
what is the role of the thalamus
relay center for getting information to the cerebral cortex
what is the role of the hypothalamus
homeostasis; regulating autonomic/endocrine system
the limbic system is also known as the
primitive brain
the limbic system is responsible for
emotion, aggression, feeding behavior, sexual response
the brain stem is located…
at the base of the brain
the brain-stem is composed of
mid-brain
pons
medulla
injury to the brain-stem can disrupt these functions
HR
breathing
swallowing
the medulla is responsible for
respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac fxn
reticular formation is responsible for
relaying sensory information
influence excite/inhibit of spinal motor neurons
controls vasomotor/resp activity
reticular activating system (RAS)
arousal/sleep wake transitions
+ centers for sneezing, coughing, hiccuping, vomiting, sucking, swallowing
the cerebellum is located
at the back of the brain
what does the cerebellum do
coordinates voluntary movement
maintains trunk stability/equilibrium
allows us to: stand upright, keep balance, move around
if the cerebellum is injured what could happen
uncoordinated movement
loss of muscle tone
unsteady gait
the peripheral nervous system is made up of
somatic nervous system
peripheral components of autonomic nervous system
the somatic nervous system is composed of
cranial nerves III-XII
spinal nerves
the cranial nerves go from your brain to:
eyes, mouth, ears, other parts of head
your central nerves are in your
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nerves go from spinal cord to
arms, legs, hands and feet
automatic nerves go from your spinal cord to your
lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder and sex organs
spinal nerve emerges from
spinal cord through opening in vertebrae
the nerve divides into 2 branches
dorsal root
ventral root
each spinal nerve is made up of a
a dorsal and ventral root
pneumonic for spinal cord nerve origins
same dave
what does same dave stand for
sensory - afferent
motor - efferent
dorsal - afferent
ventral - efferent
sometimes spinal nerves will go off individually, sometimes they will form a plexus, t or f
true
the autonomic nervous system functions at a conscious or subconscious level
subconscious level
when do we know the ANS is activated
fight or flight
the ANS tries to maintain
homeostasis
the ANS is comprised of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, t or f
true
which ANS system is responsible for fight or flight
sympathetic
the sympathetic division stems from the
spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar spine)
the neuro transmitter at the pre-ganglionic junction of the sympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
what neuro transmitter will be at the 1st ganglionic synapse (at the target organ) in the sympathetic nervous system
norepinephrine
what type of receptor do you have to have for norepinephrine
alpha and beta
is the sympathetic division adrenergic or cholinergic
adrenergic
is the parasympathetic adrenergic or cholinergic
cholinergic
the parasympathetic comes from the
medulla and spinal cord at the sacrum
what neurotransmitter will be at the pre-ganglionic junction AND the 1st ganglionic synapse of the parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine - for both
receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system
nicotinic and muscarininc
neurotransmitters can be excitatory, inhibitory, or both
both
neurotransmitters will continue to combine with receptor sites at post-synaptic membranes until they are
inactivated by enzymes
taken up by pre-synaptic endings
diffused away form synaptic region
what are the meninges
membranes covering the brain/spinal cord
meninges consist of 3 parts
Pia matter, arachnoid, dura matter
the spinal cord usually stops around
L-1; L-2
the circle of Willis
acts as safety valve during occlusion of the pathway
supplies blood to the brain
what is unique about the veins in the brain
no valves in the brain
