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Anatomy Exam 3 > Neuro- Reticular Formation and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Neuro- Reticular Formation and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Which longitudinal zone is immediately adjacent to sagittal plane?

A

raphe (median) zone

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2
Q

Which longitudinal zone is the source of most ascending and descending projections, alongside raphe, and mixture of large and small neurons?

A

medial (paramedian) zone

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3
Q

Which longitudinal zone is prominent in rostral medulla and caudal pons?

A

lateral zone

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4
Q

Which longitudinal zone is primarily involved in cranial nerve reflexes and visceral fxns?

A

lateral zone

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5
Q

The reticular formation (RF) consists of two reticulospinal tracts _____________ and ____________.

A

medial, lateral

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6
Q

The medial reticulospinal tracts is located in the ____________ (pons/ medulla), is ____________ (ipsilateral/ contralateral), and descends near MLF in ___________ (ant/ lat) funiculus.

A

pons, ipsilateral, anterior

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7
Q

The lateral reticulospinal tract is located in the _______________ (pons/ medulla), descends _____________ (ipsilaterally/ bilaterally) in the ____________ (ant/ lat) funiculus.

A

medulla, bilaterally, lateral

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8
Q

The RF is a major alternative to ______________ in regulating spinal motor neurons.

A

CST

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9
Q

The RF influences spinal motor neurons ___________ (directly/ indirectly).

A

directly

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10
Q

True/ False: RF does not regulate spinal relfexes

A

False

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11
Q

Where is the “vital center” and what does is regulate?

A

medulla; heart rate, respiration, swallowing, vomiting

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12
Q

What is the central causes theory of bruxism?

A

sleep-related dysfunctions cause bruxism

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13
Q

What is the peripheral causes theory of bruxism?

A

malocclusion results in premature and one-sided contact

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14
Q

Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) is central to which kind of system?

A

pain suppress system

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15
Q

PAG receives pain info from ________________fibers.

A

spinomesencephalic, also input from hypothalamus, cortex etc.

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16
Q

Select the true statement about reticular formation:

a) phylogenetically ancient
b) forms central core of brainstem
c) extent not truly appreciated in routine brainstem sections
d) extends into cerebrum as the hypothalamus
e) all of the above are true

A

e. all of the above

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17
Q

Once the brain decides that pain should be suppressed, info travels from PAG in the midbrain to __________ to the _________ nucleus in the __________ horn of the spinal cord.

A

nucleus raphe magnus, spinal trigeminal, posterior

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18
Q

Which neurotransmitter do raphe nuclei liberate in order to suppress pain?

A

serotonin

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19
Q

How does nucleus raphe magnus inhibit pain directly?

A

send fibers directly to spinothalamic tract or directly inhibit pain afferents

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20
Q

How does nucleus raphe magnus inhibit pain indirectly?

A

by activating interneurons that inhibit spinothalamic tract

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21
Q

True/ False: Not much visceral information reaches RF

A

False. A lot of visceral info reaches RF

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22
Q

What system is responsible for maintaining consciousness?

A

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

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23
Q

___________ (unilateral/ bilateral) damage to the _________ (midbrain/ pons) results in a ________ (short/ prolonged) coma.

A

bilateral, midbrain, prolonged

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24
Q

Fibers regarding arousal and consciousness project to _______________ which project _________ to cortex.

A

thalamic intralaminar nuclei, diffusely

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25
Q

Thalamic intralaminar nuclear projections work together with _________ to modulate cortical activity.

A

monoamine reticular projections (midbrain RF)

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26
Q

What are the neurochemical signatures with DIFFUSE projections?

A

BS: norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
Hypothalamus: histamine containing neurons
Telencephalon: acetylcholine

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27
Q

What are the three areas where NE (norepinephrine) neurons are found?

A

medulla: solitary nucleus
rostral pons: locus ceruleus
ventrolateral medulla: SpV nucleus

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28
Q

What activities are facilitated by NE in cortex of locus ceruleus?

A

vigilance and attention (very active in attentive situations, least active during sleep)

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29
Q

True/ False: Neurons of locus ceruleus project in only one direction.

A

FALSE: very diffuse, innervates practically entire CNS, heavy projections to somatosensory cortex

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30
Q

NE released in SpV nucleus _____________.

A

suppresses incoming pain signals

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31
Q

Locus ceruleus neurons ____________.

A

respond to novel environmental stimuli, increased state of arousal and feeling of anticipation

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32
Q

Clinical depression is due to _______ (increased/ decreased) levels of NE.

A

decreased

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33
Q

Which neurons are lost in Parkinson’s disease?

A

locus ceruleus (depression), dopaminergic (motor)

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34
Q

Panic disorder results from __________.

A

increased levels of NE

35
Q

Where are dopamine neurons located?

A

midbrain: substantia nigra (putamen, caudate), ventral tegmental area (limbic system)

36
Q

Mesocortical fibers (dopamine) of ventral tegmental area facilitate _______________ and project heavily to ___________ cortex.

A

organized thinking and planning, frontal

37
Q

Mesolimbic fibers of ventral tegmental area are involved in_____________.

A

emotional reward, drug dependency

38
Q

Which psychiatric disorder is associated with dopamine?

A

schizophrenia; disorganized thinking, hallucinations

39
Q

What are the two components of schizophrenia?

A

social withdrawal, hallucinations

40
Q

High levels of dopamine in the __________ result in ______________.

A

limbic, hallucinations

41
Q

Low levels of dopamine in the ___________ result in _____________.

A

prefrontal cortex, social withdrawal

42
Q

True/False: Serotonergic neurons are located at pretty much ALL brainstem levels in raphe

A

TRUE very diffuse

43
Q

Serotonergic neurons are located in _________.

A

raphe nuclei

44
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) are used to treat _____________.

A

clinical depression

45
Q

Low levels of serotonin cause ______________.

A

high carbohydrate consumption, binge eating, carb preference in obese women

46
Q

Compulsive behavior and anorexia nervosa are caused by______________.

A

high levels of serotonin

47
Q

Acetylcholine is found in ______________ neurons.

A

cholinergic

48
Q

Acetylcholine is mainly part of __________, but part of RF in ___________________.

A

basal nucleus of Meynert, dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

49
Q

Ach of basal forebrain is assciated with which disease?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

50
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is treated by______________ that slow the breakdown of _______.

A

cholinesterase, Ach

51
Q

What are the basic fxn of the cerebellum?

A

regulates equilibrium, controls muscle tone and posture, provides motor coordination for voluntary movements

52
Q

The primary fissure divides the cerebellum into ___________ and ___________ lobes. Which lobe is bigger?

A

anterior, posterior. posterior is bigger

53
Q

The posterolateral fissure separates the ___________________________ from the ______________.

A

flocculonodular lobe, body of cerebellum

54
Q

Which cerebellar peduncle receives input from the spinal cord and brainstem AND monitors muscle and limb movement?

A

inferior cerbellar peduncle (restiform body)

55
Q

The ____________ interconnects vestibular nuclei and cerbellum.

A

juxtarestiform body

56
Q

Which cerebellar peduncle is largest and receives afferents from contralateral basis pontis and relays motor signals from cortex?

A

middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis)

57
Q

The ____________ cerebellar peduncle sends efferents out to red nucleus and thalamus?

A

superior (brachium conjunctivum)

58
Q

Which deep cerebellar nucleus is the largest and contributes most fibers to superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)

A

dentate nucleus

59
Q

The interposed nucleus consists of __________ and ___________.

A

emboiform and globose

60
Q

The __________ nucleus is located along the midline of the cerebellus and is involved in vestibular connections.

A

fastigal

61
Q

Basic cerebellar circuitry: info enters __________, projects to ______________ which sends it to ____________ where _____________ sends to other parts of the brain.

A

ICP and MCP, cortex, deep cerbellar nuclei, SCP

62
Q

True/ False The structure of the cerebellar cortex is uniform throughout.

A

TRUE

63
Q

What are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex (superficial to deep)?

A

molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
granule layer

64
Q

Which axons leave the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cell axons ONLY

65
Q

Which cerebellar cortex layer has the most cells?

A

granule layer

66
Q

Which cerebellar cortex layer contains Purkinje cell dendrites and granule neuron axons?

A

molecular layer

67
Q

A climbing fiber axon is from __________ (contra/ipsilateral) inferior olivary nucleus.

A

contralateral

68
Q

Each Perkinje cell dentritic tree receives ____________ climbing fibers but _____________ parallel fibers.

A

one, many

69
Q

True/ False: Perkinje cells are entirely inhibitory in their effects.

A

TRUE

70
Q

Which fibers split into 5 to 10 branches and only one synapses on a Purkinje cell?

A

Climbing fibers

71
Q

Which cells regulate Purkinje cell firing?

A

climbing fibers

72
Q

Where does the ION get info from?

A

spinal cord, red nucleus, cerebral cortex

73
Q

Name the two inhibitory neurons that are in the same plane as Purkinje cell dentrites

A

stellate and basket cells

74
Q

Which inhibitory neuron synapses on granule cell dendrites?

A

Golgi cells

75
Q

Which cells send off collaterals to deep nuclei before entering the cortex?

A

mossy and climbing fibers

76
Q

What are the fnxs of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

control of eye movements in response to head movements, balance

77
Q

What are the fxns of the pontocerebellum?

A

planning the timing of movements especially of upper extremities, coordination of speech

78
Q

What are the input/ output of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

input: vestibular end organ, vestibular nuclei
output: fastigial nucleus

79
Q

What’s the input/output of the spinocerebellum?

A

input: spinal cord (spinocerebellar tracts), brainstem (trigeminal afferents)
output: interposed nucleus

80
Q

What’s the input/ output of the pontocerebellum?

A

input: motor cortex, basilar pons, MCP
output: dentate nucleus

81
Q

What is the principal output from cerebellar nuclei?

A

SCP

82
Q

One side of cerebellum affects ________ (ipsi/contralateral) side of body

A

ipsilateral

83
Q

One cerebral hemisphere controls _________ (ipsi/contralateral) muscles

A

contralateral

84
Q

Cerebellum projects to _________(ipsi/ contralateral) thalamus and cortex.

A

contralateral

Anatomy Exam 3 (5 decks)

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