Neuro- Olfactory and Visual Systems

Question 1

Olfactory neurons are located within ______________.

Answer 1

olfactory epithelium

Question 2

Olfactory neurons are ____________ (unipolar/ bipolar).

Answer 2

bipolar

Question 3

Olfactory neuron dendrites are covered by _________ in a layer of mucus secreted by _____________.

Answer 3

cilia, Bowman’s gland

Question 4

Olfactory neuron axons run upward through the ____________ of the ethmoid bone to enter into the ____________.

Answer 4

cribiform plate, olfactory bulb

Question 5

The axons of olfactory neurons are grouped into ___________ by investing Schwann cells.

Answer 5

fila

Question 6

Olfactory fila make up __________.

Answer 6

cranial nerve I

Question 7

The olfactory bulb develops as an outgrowth of the __________.

Answer 7

telencephalon

Question 8

True/ False: The olfactory bulb projects to the ipsilateral hemisphere with no relay in thalamus.

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

The principle cortical neurons of the olfactory bulb are ___________ cells, that give rise to the ____________.

Answer 9

mitral, olfactory tract

Question 10

Each type of olfactory receptor/ neuron send as axon to _______ (how many) glomeruli, even though they are mixed up within the olfactory epithelium.

Answer 10

one

Question 11

The glomeruli of the olfactory bulb are made up of __________.

Answer 11

mitral cell dendrites

Question 12

Some fibers of the olfactory tract project to the _____________ which is thought to regulate the sensitivity of the olfactory bulb.

Answer 12

anterior olfactory nucleus

Question 13

Some fibers of the olfactory tract cross the midline at the ______________ and project to both bulbs.

Answer 13

anterior commisure

Question 14

The main central projection fro olfaction is the _________.

Answer 14

lateral olfactory pathway.

Question 15

The primary olfactory cortex consists of _____ _______ ______ ________.

Answer 15

piriform cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, small part of parahippocampal gyrus

Question 16

Olfactory bulb projection can end in two general areas: _______ and _______.

Answer 16

primary olfactory cortex, amygdala

Question 17

Which parts of the eye focus an image on the retina?

Answer 17

cornea and lens

Question 18

Where does most refraction occur?

Answer 18

the air-water interface at corneal surface

Question 19

Which eye structure affects brightness and quality of image focused on retina?

Answer 19

iris

Question 20

What are the two smooth muscles of the iris that control pupil size?

Answer 20

pupillary sphincter and pupillary dilator

Question 21

What is the function of amacrine cells?

Answer 21

interconnect bipolar cells, ganglion cell and other amacrine cells

Question 22

Rods contain the visual protein __________, have ________ acuity, and have _________ vision in dim light.

Answer 22

rhodoposin, low, monochromatic

Question 23

Cones contain the visual protein ___________, have _______ acuity and need _________ of light.

Answer 23

cone pigments, high, a lot

Question 24

The visual pigment synthesized by rods and cones is transported up the ________ and incorporated into ___________.

Answer 24

ciliary stalk, disk membranes

Question 25

Older disks of rods and cones at the end of the ciliary stalks are phagocytosed by _______________. Defects cause some types of ______________.

Answer 25

pigment epithelium, retinal degeneration

Question 26

Where is our blind spot?

Answer 26

optic disk

Question 27

True/False: There are photoreceptors in the optic disk

Answer 27

FALSE. It's the blind spot

Question 28

The macula contains a depression called the __________, which is the area of highest visual acuity.

Answer 28

fovea centralis

Question 29

The macula contains a depression called the __________, which is the area of highest visual acuity.

Answer 29

fovea centralis

Question 30

True/ False: There are capillaries and neurons above the fovea centralis

Answer 30

FALSE. no capillaries or neurons above, all displaced to the side

Question 31

Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located?

Answer 31

thalamus

Question 32

In the optic pathway, _________ cell axons travel to _____________ where they partially decussate. One they enter the optic tract, most travel to __________ of the thalamus then to the _________ cortex.

Answer 32

ganglion, optic chiasm, LGN, visual

Question 33

Most fibers in the optic pathway travel to the LGN. Where to the rest go?

Answer 33

superior colliculus, hypothalamus

Question 34

Most fibers in the optic pathway travel to the LGN. Where to the rest go?

Answer 34

superior colliculus, hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus (direct retinal input)

Question 35

Most fibers in the optic pathway travel to the LGN. Where to the rest go?

Answer 35

superior colliculus, hypothalamus

Question 36

The LGN is structured in a precise retinotopic arrangement of how many layers?

Answer 36

6

Question 37

Layers 1,4 and 6 of the LGN control the _________ eye.

Answer 37

contralateral

Question 38

Layers 3-6 of the LGN are called ________ and are involved in ______ and ______.

Answer 38

parvocellular, color, form (ventral striate cortex)

Question 39

Layers 1-2 of the LGN are called __________ and are involved in _______ and __________.

Answer 39

magnocellular, movement, contrast (dorsal striate cortex)

Question 40

Layers 2,3 and 5 of the LGN control the _________ eye.

Answer 40

ipsilateral

Question 41

Layers 3-6 of the LGN are called ________ and are involved in ______ and ______.

Answer 41

parvocellular, color, form

Question 42

Layers 1-2 of the LGN are called __________ and are involved in _______ and __________.

Answer 42

magnocellular, movement, contrast

Question 43

Inferior visual fields are ______ the calcarine sulcus.

Answer 43

above

Question 44

Superior visual fields are _______ the calcarine sulcus.

Answer 44

below

Question 45

Where is the macula represented on the occipital lobe?

Answer 45

most posteriorly

Question 46

Where are the peripheral fields represented on the occipital lobe?

Answer 46

more anteriorly

Question 47

What is the line of Gennari?

Answer 47

a thin strip of myelin in primary visual cortex parallel to calcarine sulcus aka striate cortex

Question 48

What is the line of Gennari?

Answer 48

a thin strip of myelin in primary visual cortex parallel to calcarine sulcus aka striate cortex

Question 49

What does -anopsia or -anopia denote?

Answer 49

loss of one or more quadrants of visual field

Question 50

What is hemianopia?

Answer 50

loss of half of visual field

Question 51

What is quadrantanopia?

Answer 51

loss of one quarter of visual field

Question 52

What is homonymous?

Answer 52

same visual field loss in each eye

Question 53

What is heteronymous?

Answer 53

two eyes have non-overlapping visual field loss (congruous: identical, non-congruous: overlapping but not the same)

Question 54

In contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia, temporal lobe lesion can interrupt _____________, which represents inferior retinal quadrants.

Answer 54

Meyer's loop

Question 55

In contralateral homonymous hemianopia, posterior ____________ infarction often results in deficit with macular sparing.

Answer 55

cerebral artery

Question 56

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus control and regulate?

Answer 56

circadian rhythm, daily body temperature changes

Question 57

How is the visual cortex organized?

Answer 57

columnar organization

Question 58

True/ False: The columns of the visual cortex have similar physiologic properties.

Answer 58

TRUE

Question 59

True/ False: The columns of the visual cortex have similar physiologic properties.

Answer 59

TRUE

Question 60

Why does the fovea have the best resolution?

Answer 60

The modules in the fovea region analyze small areas of the visual field, therefore have many more cortical modules

Question 61

Selective damage to __________ cortex can lead to strange visual deficits like selective color deficits, motion and faces

Answer 61

extrastriate