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Anatomy Exam 3 > Neuro- Olfactory and Visual Systems > Flashcards

Neuro- Olfactory and Visual Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory neurons are located within ______________.

A

olfactory epithelium

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2
Q

Olfactory neurons are ____________ (unipolar/ bipolar).

A

bipolar

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3
Q

Olfactory neuron dendrites are covered by _________ in a layer of mucus secreted by _____________.

A

cilia, Bowman’s gland

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4
Q

Olfactory neuron axons run upward through the ____________ of the ethmoid bone to enter into the ____________.

A

cribiform plate, olfactory bulb

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5
Q

The axons of olfactory neurons are grouped into ___________ by investing Schwann cells.

A

fila

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6
Q

Olfactory fila make up __________.

A

cranial nerve I

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7
Q

The olfactory bulb develops as an outgrowth of the __________.

A

telencephalon

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8
Q

True/ False: The olfactory bulb projects to the ipsilateral hemisphere with no relay in thalamus.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

The principle cortical neurons of the olfactory bulb are ___________ cells, that give rise to the ____________.

A

mitral, olfactory tract

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10
Q

Each type of olfactory receptor/ neuron send as axon to _______ (how many) glomeruli, even though they are mixed up within the olfactory epithelium.

A

one

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11
Q

The glomeruli of the olfactory bulb are made up of __________.

A

mitral cell dendrites

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12
Q

Some fibers of the olfactory tract project to the _____________ which is thought to regulate the sensitivity of the olfactory bulb.

A

anterior olfactory nucleus

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13
Q

Some fibers of the olfactory tract cross the midline at the ______________ and project to both bulbs.

A

anterior commisure

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14
Q

The main central projection fro olfaction is the _________.

A

lateral olfactory pathway.

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15
Q

The primary olfactory cortex consists of _____ _______ ______ ________.

A

piriform cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, small part of parahippocampal gyrus

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16
Q

Olfactory bulb projection can end in two general areas: _______ and _______.

A

primary olfactory cortex, amygdala

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17
Q

Which parts of the eye focus an image on the retina?

A

cornea and lens

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18
Q

Where does most refraction occur?

A

the air-water interface at corneal surface

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19
Q

Which eye structure affects brightness and quality of image focused on retina?

A

iris

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20
Q

What are the two smooth muscles of the iris that control pupil size?

A

pupillary sphincter and pupillary dilator

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21
Q

What is the function of amacrine cells?

A

interconnect bipolar cells, ganglion cell and other amacrine cells

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22
Q

Rods contain the visual protein __________, have ________ acuity, and have _________ vision in dim light.

A

rhodoposin, low, monochromatic

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23
Q

Cones contain the visual protein ___________, have _______ acuity and need _________ of light.

A

cone pigments, high, a lot

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24
Q

The visual pigment synthesized by rods and cones is transported up the ________ and incorporated into ___________.

A

ciliary stalk, disk membranes

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25
Q

Older disks of rods and cones at the end of the ciliary stalks are phagocytosed by _______________. Defects cause some types of ______________.

A

pigment epithelium, retinal degeneration

26
Q

Where is our blind spot?

A

optic disk

27
Q

True/False: There are photoreceptors in the optic disk

A

FALSE. It’s the blind spot

28
Q

The macula contains a depression called the __________, which is the area of highest visual acuity.

A

fovea centralis

29
Q

The macula contains a depression called the __________, which is the area of highest visual acuity.

A

fovea centralis

30
Q

True/ False: There are capillaries and neurons above the fovea centralis

A

FALSE. no capillaries or neurons above, all displaced to the side

31
Q

Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located?

A

thalamus

32
Q

In the optic pathway, _________ cell axons travel to _____________ where they partially decussate. One they enter the optic tract, most travel to __________ of the thalamus then to the _________ cortex.

A

ganglion, optic chiasm, LGN, visual

33
Q

Most fibers in the optic pathway travel to the LGN. Where to the rest go?

A

superior colliculus, hypothalamus

34
Q

Most fibers in the optic pathway travel to the LGN. Where to the rest go?

A

superior colliculus, hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus (direct retinal input)

35
Q

Most fibers in the optic pathway travel to the LGN. Where to the rest go?

A

superior colliculus, hypothalamus

36
Q

The LGN is structured in a precise retinotopic arrangement of how many layers?

A

6

37
Q

Layers 1,4 and 6 of the LGN control the _________ eye.

A

contralateral

38
Q

Layers 3-6 of the LGN are called ________ and are involved in ______ and ______.

A

parvocellular, color, form (ventral striate cortex)

39
Q

Layers 1-2 of the LGN are called __________ and are involved in _______ and __________.

A

magnocellular, movement, contrast (dorsal striate cortex)

40
Q

Layers 2,3 and 5 of the LGN control the _________ eye.

A

ipsilateral

41
Q

Layers 3-6 of the LGN are called ________ and are involved in ______ and ______.

A

parvocellular, color, form

42
Q

Layers 1-2 of the LGN are called __________ and are involved in _______ and __________.

A

magnocellular, movement, contrast

43
Q

Inferior visual fields are ______ the calcarine sulcus.

A

above

44
Q

Superior visual fields are _______ the calcarine sulcus.

A

below

45
Q

Where is the macula represented on the occipital lobe?

A

most posteriorly

46
Q

Where are the peripheral fields represented on the occipital lobe?

A

more anteriorly

47
Q

What is the line of Gennari?

A

a thin strip of myelin in primary visual cortex parallel to calcarine sulcus aka striate cortex

48
Q

What is the line of Gennari?

A

a thin strip of myelin in primary visual cortex parallel to calcarine sulcus aka striate cortex

49
Q

What does -anopsia or -anopia denote?

A

loss of one or more quadrants of visual field

50
Q

What is hemianopia?

A

loss of half of visual field

51
Q

What is quadrantanopia?

A

loss of one quarter of visual field

52
Q

What is homonymous?

A

same visual field loss in each eye

53
Q

What is heteronymous?

A

two eyes have non-overlapping visual field loss (congruous: identical, non-congruous: overlapping but not the same)

54
Q

In contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia, temporal lobe lesion can interrupt _____________, which represents inferior retinal quadrants.

A

Meyer’s loop

55
Q

In contralateral homonymous hemianopia, posterior ____________ infarction often results in deficit with macular sparing.

A

cerebral artery

56
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus control and regulate?

A

circadian rhythm, daily body temperature changes

57
Q

How is the visual cortex organized?

A

columnar organization

58
Q

True/ False: The columns of the visual cortex have similar physiologic properties.

A

TRUE

59
Q

True/ False: The columns of the visual cortex have similar physiologic properties.

A

TRUE

60
Q

Why does the fovea have the best resolution?

A

The modules in the fovea region analyze small areas of the visual field, therefore have many more cortical modules

61
Q

Selective damage to __________ cortex can lead to strange visual deficits like selective color deficits, motion and faces

A

extrastriate

Anatomy Exam 3 (5 decks)

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