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Patho > neuro pt 2 > Flashcards

neuro pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of nervous system

A

detecting, analyzing, and transmitting information

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2
Q

neuroglial

A

-capable of mitosis
-protect and provide developmental, physiological, and metabolic support fot neurons

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3
Q

sensory neurons

A

have dendrites on both ends
-connected by long axon with cell body in middle
-carry signals from peripheral to central

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4
Q

Afferent

A

incoming sensory pathways

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5
Q

motor neurons

A

control muscle contactions
- have cell body on one end. long acon and dendrites on the other end
-carry signals from central to peripheral

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6
Q

efferent

A

outgoing motor pathways

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7
Q

ICP

A

pressure inside skull, include brain(78%), CSF(10%), and blood(12%)
should alwyas be balanced

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8
Q

levels of ICP

A

normal: 5-15
Moderate 21-30
very severe: 41+

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9
Q

causes of increased ICP

A

acquired brain injury (non-traumatic)
traumatic brain injury

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10
Q

early s/s of increase ICP

A

LOC
sluggish pupillary response headache
slurred speech
decrease motor function
projectile vomitting

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11
Q

late s/s of increase ICP

A

increased confusions
dilated pupils
changes in vitals
abdnormal reflexes
loss of brainstem reflexes
decorticate and decerebrate

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12
Q

cushing’s triad

A

sign of cerebral swelling
1. change in respirations-irregular and deep
2. a widening pulse pressure
3. bradycardia

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13
Q

concussion

A

mild form of TBI by impact to head or whiplash

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14
Q

contusion

A

bruises on specific brain areas from impact to head

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15
Q

coup contrecoup

A

contusion present at both the site of impact and the exact opposite end of impact

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16
Q

diffuse axonal injury

A

tearing of brain’s axons
-happens when brain is injured as it shifts and rotates in skull
-causes coma
-may have normal CT

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17
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

brain degeneration likely caused by repeated head traumas
-diagnosis made only at autopsy

18
Q

second impact syndrome

A

aka repetitive head injury syndrome
-individuals expereince a second head injury before complete recovery from initial injury

19
Q

TBI: epidural hematoma

A

arterial bleed
-high pressure bleed, fast bleeding
-most dangerous
-increased ICP
-untreated= death fast!

20
Q

TBI: subdural hematoma

A

venous bleed
-low pressure bleed
-increased ICP

21
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrahage (not stroke)

A

small arteries tear during initial injury
-pathologic presence of blood within subarachnoid space
-2nd most common acute brain injury

22
Q

roles of spinal cord

A

send motor commands from brain to body
-send sensory info from body to brain
-coordinate reflexes

23
Q

ascending spinal tract

A

sends sensory info to brain

24
Q

descending spinal tract

A

sends motor info down the cord

25
Q

complete SCI

A

all sensory and all motor control are lost below level of inury

26
Q

incomplete SCI

A

some motor or sensory function loss below affected area are preserved

27
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis that affects all of part of the trunk, legs, and pelvic organs. may still have movement of upper limbs

28
Q

tetraplegia/quadiplegia

A

arms, hands, trunk, legs, and pelvic all affected,
basically neck down, no bueno

29
Q

brown sequard ISCI

A

usually caused by puncture or infection
-symptoms: same sided weakness, loss of bladder/bowel control, contralateral sensory loss
-excellent prognosis

30
Q

central cervical cord syndrome ISCI

A

-cause: hyperextension of neck, spinal cord gets bruised squashed or compressed
-symptoms: most commone ISCI, impacts upper limbs more than lower, sevre arm weakness
-high chance of walking again

31
Q

posterior ISCI

A

cause: SCI trauma, demylinated disorders, external compression
-symptoms: low sensation of vibration/fine touch, loss of proprioception, loss of balance/coordiantion, power perserved
-good prognosis, walk again but very unsteady/fall risk

32
Q

anterior ISCI

A

cause: severe blood loss, anterior 2/3 of spinal cord
-symptoms: motor paralysis below level of lesion, loss of pain sensation below injury, preserved touch and proprioception
-poor prognosis 10-20% chance of motor recovery

33
Q

Spinal shocks

A

-inital shock/ “temporary”
-T7 or below
-complete loss of reflex function
-transient drop in bp and poor venous circulation
-loss of thermal control

34
Q

neurogenic shock

A

-T6 or above
-sudden loss of sympathetic nervous system that maintains normal vascular tone
-blood volume is displaced causing hypotension and bradycardia
-right after SCI, can also happen well after

35
Q

Autonomic nervous system dysfunction

A

-aka autonomic dysreflexia or neurogenic shock
-most common SCI at or below T6
-SNS massively overacts to a noxious stimulus
-PNS not effective at regulating below SCI
-vasodilation above injury
-vasoconstriction below injury
PNS and SNS out of control

36
Q

disorders of upper motor neurons

A

ALS
-TBI
-SCI
-MS
-CVAs
-huntingtons disease

37
Q

disorders of lower motor neurons

A

poliomyelitis

38
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

progessive diseas of the brain and spinal cord
-destruction of mylein sheath on CNS
-causes: largely unknown, auto-immune, genetic suseptibility
-pathogenesis: T cells attack myelin sheath, demyelination, damages action potential between axon on neurons

39
Q

ALS

A

neurodegenerative disorder affects motor system and presents with progressive muscle weakness
-aka Lou Ghrigs disease
-pt. survives about 2-5 yrsafter disease onset

40
Q

symptoms of ALS

A

impaire fine motor control
-change in vocal pitch
-slurred speech
-dysphagia
-severe weakness
-muscle cramps
-uncontrolled laughter/crying
-muscle atrophy
-problems speaking
-impaired breathing

41
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

-mostly affects women in 20-30s and men 50-60s
-drooping eyelids
-weakness of eye muscles and facial muscles
-double vision
-excessive muscle fatigue after activities
-impaire speech
-weakeness of upper and lowe extremities

42
Q

generalized myasthenia gravis

A

chronic type 2 hypersenstivity
-B-cells make antibodies that bind to ACh receptors
-blocks transmission og ACh to post-synaptic membrane
-messages from CNS to contract muscles fail

Patho (5 decks)

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