exam 2

Question 1

preload

Answer 1

End-diastolic pressure: when ventricles are filled and heart is relaxed
“stretch”

Question 2

afterload

Answer 2

Work (or force) required to move (eject) blood into the aorta
“squeeze”

Question 3

contractility

Answer 3

electrical contractions and muscle contraction of heart

Question 4

alterations in SV

Answer 4

indicates issue in systole, diastole,peripheral disease

Question 5

alterations in CO

Answer 5

could result in poor perfusion or overworking

Question 6

systolic heart failure

Answer 6

decrease ability to pump due to increased afterload decreased EF
cant get blood through aorta and it backs up into the lungs

Question 7

diastolic heart failure

Answer 7

decreased ability to fill leads to decreased SV and CO
cant get blood out of atrium and into venticle, backs into lungs
normal EF

Question 8

left sided HF

Answer 8

blood can’t get from left side through aorta and to rest to body
-leads to increased pulmonary venous pressure (pulmonary congestion, edema)
-low organ perfusion
hypoxia, tissue death

Question 9

right sided HF

Answer 9

results from progression of LSHF
-right side cant get blood to lungs bc of increased pulmon vasc pressure from LSFH
-back flow of blood back to other organs
-peripheral edema
-renal failure,hepatomegaly

Question 10

pulmonary embolism

Answer 10

blockage of 1 or more pulmonary arteries
pt will not perfuse, check v/q scans

Question 11

pulmonary hypertension

Answer 11

pressure in blood vessels from heart to lungs is too high
5 types
S/S: sob, fainting, chest pain, dizziness, tachycardia

Question 12

Acute respiratory disorders

Answer 12

failure to add O2 and remove CO2 from blood

Question 13

ARDS

Answer 13

-noncardiogenic pulmonary edema & hypoxemia caused by alveolar inflammation and infection
-requires mechanical ventilation
-

Question 14

ARF

Answer 14

failure of the lungs for any reason that impairs ventilation, compromises v/q or impair gas diffusion
-manifests as PaO2 <50%, acidosis, cyanosis, tachypnea/tachycardia

Question 15

COVID-19

Answer 15

inflammatory response isnt working
lung sustains acute injury, leading to ARDS

Question 16

Pleural effusion

Answer 16

-“junk around lungs”
-excess fluid nw layers of pleura outside lung
caused by heart problems, cancer, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism

Question 17

pneumonia

Answer 17

-“junk in lungs”
-inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli
-wbc fight foreign invaders
-dead cell and debris build up creating ous filling parts of airway
-causes by infectious and non-infectious agents inhalation of irritants

Question 18

pulmonary edema

Answer 18

-“junk in lungs”
-lungs filled with fluid
-lung congestion, water on lungs
-increased WOB
-causes: fluid overload, hf

Question 19

Atelectasis

Answer 19

-“poor lung expansion”
-alveoli dont fill properly/incomplete lung expansion
-caused by immobility, mucus plug, external pressure (mass)

Question 20

pneumothoraces-collapsed lungs

Answer 20

-“poor lung expansion”
-air enters pleural space and disrupts negative pressure, causes lung collapse

Question 21

refractory asthma

Answer 21

due to allergic reactions
massive immune response
airway remodeling
wheezing on exhale

Question 22

COPD

Answer 22

caused my smoking, wood burning, occupational hazards

Question 23

emphysema

Answer 23

destruction of alveoli
responds to low O2 rather than CO2
pink puffer

Question 24

chronic bronchitis

Answer 24

long term inflammation of bronchi and hypersecretion of mucus
more comorbidities, sleep apnea, acidosis
blue bloater

Question 25

bronchiectasis

Answer 25

permanent dilation of bronchi
loose ability to contract and decrease elasticity
associated with cystic fibrosis

Question 26

cystic fibrosis

Answer 26

genetic condition causing mutation of transmembrane conductance regulator
-cilia unable to push mucus out, build up, mucus plug
-no real cure

Question 27

intrinsic restrictive lung disease

Answer 27

problem w lungs themselves
-stiff lungs due to thickened alveolar walls
-decreased total lung volume
-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
-massive scarring impairs gas exchange, no cure

Question 28

extrinsic restrictive lung disease

Answer 28

problem from something other than lungs
-pressure placed on lungs or paralysis of muscle that helps with breathing

Question 29

major functions of renal system

Answer 29

filter blood of toxins/waste and reabsorb needed molecules, regulates hemoglobin production, increase calcium absorption

Question 30

urine formation

Answer 30

glomerular filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Question 31

common causes of renal diesease

Answer 31

tubular obstructions that increase intratubular pressure, developmental defects, pregnancy,
altered immune responses
cancer

Question 32

risk factors for renal disease

Question 33

pre-renal

Answer 33

decreased perfusion to normal kidney
reduced hydrostatic pressure-> reduced glomerular filtration
hypovolemia
reduced co
reduced effective circulatory volume

Question 34

intra-renal

Answer 34

glomerulonephritis
tubular disease: acute tubular necrosis, most common in hospital
interstitial disease: acute interstitial nephritis
vascular: vasculitis

Question 35

post-renal

Answer 35

obstruction along urinary tract
renal stones
prostate enlargement/cancer
cervical cancer
bladder cancer
can lead to intra renal causes