Neuro of Spine Chapter 5 Quia Flashcards by Abbas Mahmud

In chemical synapses the neurotransmitter is the

ligand of the receptor

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Threshold voltage is usually positive to resting potential

15 mv

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Action potentials propagation

travel in both directions away from the stimulus until the entire membrane has become depolarized

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The nernst potential

prevents the net diffusion of an ion in either direction

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The threshold at which nerve AP will occur

-65 mv

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In chemical synapses, neuro transmitters are packaged in the synaptic vesicles are released by?

exocytosis into synaptic cleft

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Repolarization of K+ gates restablishes the

resting membrane potential

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Ap impulses will travel in all directions away from the point of initiation until

the whole neuron is depolarized

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AP speed of transmission depends on

fiber size and if it is mylinated

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Resting membrane potential of nerves

-90 mv

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During the resting state of conductance for k+ ions

is 50 to 100 times as great as it is for Na+ ions

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The membrane permeability to potassium is about __________ as great as it is for sodium

100 times

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The k+ equilibrium potential is

-65 to -85 mv

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The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for the ion with the

highest permeability

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Exocytosis is a process that allows the cell to

secrete its products

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Saltatory conduction

occurs in myelinated fibers

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The nernst equation describes the relationship of

diffusion potential to concentration difference

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Acon conducts nerve impulses away from the?

the cell body

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Schwann cells form mylein sheath around the axons of the

peripheral nervous system

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All or nothing principle applies

all normal excitable tissues

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Dendrites receive what kind of signal?

Stimuli

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A nerve is a collection of?

Axons

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During the upstroke of an action potential, Na+ permeability ________?

Increases

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Small nerve fibers are?

Unmylenated

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Organic ions that cannot leave the cell are ___________?

Fixed Anions

Glycine and GABA are?

inhibitory when released in the CNS

Restablishing sodium and potassium after action potential is achieved by?

The sodium potassium pump

The endoplasmic reticulum is covered with?

Ribosomes

During refractory periods? (look up refractory period)

A second action potential cannot be initiated

In the postsynaptic cell catecholamines activate

Adenylate cyclase

Gap junctions are electrical synapses, found in

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and the brain

Glutamate and aspartate are

excitatory when released in the Central Nervous System

Astrocytes contribute to the

Blood Brain Barrier

Adenylate cyclase catalyzes?

Cyclic AMP

The permeability of the axon membrane to ions is determined by

number of open channels

In depolarization sodium flew to the (where)

interior of the axon

Spatial and temporal summation of EPSPs cause?

Stimulation of action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron

Long-term potentiation is a process that improves synaptic transmission as result of

the repeated use of the same synaptic pathway

Serotonin dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are what?

Catecholamines

The binding of ACH to muscarinic receptors opens ion channels indirectly through the action of?

G Proteins

Receptor mediated endocytosis requires what?

Specific receptor protein in the cell membrane

At -90 mv resting potential the membrane?

Is relatively impermeable to Na+ and slightly permeable to K+

Interneurons are

association neurons

AP conduction velocity is

Constant

The binding of ACH to muscarinic receptors

Hyperpolarization and IPSP

The nerve resting AP

-90 mv

The brain and spinal cord contain what?

Nuclei and tracts

IPSPs and EPSPs are synaptic inputs that can?

summate

The PNS consists of?

Nerves and ganglia

A neuron consists of

dendrites, a cell body, and an axon

Nodes of ranvier interrupt the nerve sheath every?

1-3mm

According to the goldman equation, the diffusion potentials caused by potassium and sodium diffusion is about?

-86mv

Simple diffusion is?

passive transport

After ACH acts at the synapse it is inactivated by?

Acetylcholinesterase

Nerve cells are capable of?

self generation of electrochemical impulses

Stronger stimuli produce action potentials with?

greater frequency

Action Potentials are?

All or nothing events

Saltatory conduction is a faster conduction that occurs in

myelinated nerve fibers

Nitric oxide promotes

smooth muscle relaxation

In death there is a complete loss of

cellular membrane potentials

The membrane is composed of

double layer of phospholipids

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum stores?

Ca2+

Steroid hormones pass directly through the membrane by?

Simple diffusion

the active transport across a membrane requires?

ATP

APs do not summate- information is coded by?

Frequency not amplitude

the production of IPSPs is called?

Postsynaptic inhibition

Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath in

the CNS

Nerve signals are transmitted by?

Action Potentials

The goldman equation is used to calculate what?

Used to calculate the diffusion potential when the membrane is permeable to several different ions

During the downstroke of an action potential Na+ permeability?

Decreases

Neruons convert other forms of energy into?

Electrical events

Conduction velocity is greatest in?

large myelinated nerve fibers

The rate of diffusion depends on the

Concentration difference across the two sides of the membrane

The sodium potassium pump contributes about ___________ to the nerve AP

-4 mv

Most voltage gated channels open in response to

depolarization

A new stimulus with second action potential can not be initiated if

all the gates are open at the same time

The sodium potassium pump transports?

Na+ out and k+ into the cell

Dopminergic neurons are implicated in

Parkinsons disease and schizophrenia

The nerve axon mylein sheath is made of the

Schwann cells

Refractory periods of axon membrane prevent

action potentials from running together

The binding of acetylcholine to nicotinic receptors produces

depolarization and an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

In saltatory conduction

APs only occur at the nodes of ranvier

The rate of Na+ entry in the cell is

SLOW

The cell membrane functions as

an electrical capacitor

Specificity competition and saturation are properties of

protein carrier mediated transport

During the relative refractory period

an impulse can be generated with a stimulus that is higher than the normal threshold

The electrical potential that counters net diffusion of Na+ is called the

Na+ equilibrium potential (ENa)