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Pathophys II MHM - Exam 3 > Neuro Module 1 > Flashcards

Neuro Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

99% of neurons are

A

Interneurons/projection neurons

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2
Q

Glial Cells (“glue”) Function

A

Supportive role in nervous system

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3
Q

Glial Cells of CNS

A
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Microglial cells
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4
Q

Glial Cells of PNS

A

Schwann cells (connective tissue support)

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5
Q

Forebrain Components

A
  • Telencephalon

- Diencephalon

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6
Q

Midbrain AKA _______

A

Mesencephalon

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7
Q

Hindbrain components

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata (Myeloencephalon)
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8
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated nerve fibers that communicate between regions of the CNS (in cerebral cortex)

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9
Q

Fasciculus

A

Bundle or cluster within the cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Commissural Fibers

A

Cortical connections between right and left hemispheres (in cerebral cortex)

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11
Q

Commissural Fibers Components

A
  • Corpus callosum

- Anterior commissure

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12
Q

Projection Fibers

A

Connect cortex with lower portions of CNS

  • Afferent: INPUT to cortex
  • Efferent: OUTPUT from cortex
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13
Q

Association Fibers

A

Cortical connection within the same hemisphere (in cerebral cortex)

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14
Q

Gray matter

A

Contains cell bodies and neurons

-COLUMNAR arrangement

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15
Q

Brodmann’s Mapping

A

System identifying functional regions of the cortex

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16
Q

Area 4 (Frontal Lobe) Function

A
  • Primary motor area
  • Homunculus arrangement
  • Contralateral voluntary movement
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17
Q

Area 4 (Frontal Lobe) Lesion

A

-Contralateral hemiparesis (partial motor loss)/hemiplegia (complete loss)

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18
Q

Area 6 (Frontal Lobe) Function

A
  • Pre-motor area/supplemental motor area

- “prep motor area… plan sequence”

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19
Q

Area responsible for simple movement

A

Area 4

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20
Q

Area responsible for complex movement

A

Area 4 and 6

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21
Q

Area responsible for imaginary complex movement

A

Area 6

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22
Q

Area 6 (Frontal Lobe) Lesion

A
  • Inability to plan, sequence, perform purposeful movement

- Contralateral apraxia of involved regions

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23
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to execute purposeful learned voluntary movement

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24
Q

Ataxia

A

Uncoordinated voluntary movement

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25
Q

Gait apraxia

A

Diminished ability to perform learned movement of walking/standing

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26
Q

Construction apraxia

A

Inability to draw, construct or copy geometric figures (lesion in NON-dominant parietal & frontal lobes)

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27
Q

Sensory Apraxia (Ideational apraxia, Conceptual apraxia)

A

Inability to formulate the ideational plan for executing the multiple steps of purposeful voluntary movement

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28
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A

Inability to perform a task when asked (comb hair, use a tool)

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29
Q

Area 8 (Frontal Lobe) Function (middle frontal gyrus)

A
  • Frontal eye field

- Conjugate gaze (lateral) to opposite direction (side)

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30
Q

Conjugate gaze

A

Ability of the eyes to move simultaneously in the same direction

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31
Q

Destructive Lesion to Area 8 (Frontal Lobe)

A

Eyes deviate TOWARD side of lesion

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32
Q

Irritative Lesion to Area 8 (Frontal Lobe)

A
  • Seizure

- Eyes deviate AWAY FROM the lesion

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33
Q

Areas 44, 45 (Frontal Lobe) Function (inferior frontal gyrus)

A
  • Specific motor association area
  • Motor production of language
  • Different role if Dominant or NON-Dominant hemisphere
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34
Q

Areas 44, 45 (Frontal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Function

A
  • Broca’s speech area
  • Motor production of language (speech, writing, signing)
  • Serves as pre-programmer to motor cortex
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35
Q

Areas 44, 45 (Frontal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Lesion

A
  • Broca aphasia

- “Can comprehend language but can’t speak”

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36
Q

Aphasia

A

Acquired impairment of the comprehension/production of language
-Can be sensory, motor or both

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37
Q

Dysarthria

A

Difficulty of motor control of tongue/mouth to produce speech

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38
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty with motor function of swallowing

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39
Q

Areas 44, 45 (Frontal Lobe) NON-Dominant Hemisphere Function

A
  • Production of the normal pitch, rhythm and tone in speech

- “Musical aspects of speech”

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40
Q

Areas 44, 45 (Frontal Lobe) NON-Dominant Hemisphere Lesion

A
  1. Motor dysprosodia: difficulty of speech in producing the normal pitch, rhythm and tone
  2. Prosody: Fluctuations in tone, melody, timing, pauses, stresses, intensity, vocal quality and accents of speech
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41
Q

Area 9-12; 46, 47 (Frontal Lobe)

A
  • Prefrontal area

- Higher order intellectual action/function… “Wisdom”

42
Q

Area 10-12 (Frontal Lobe)

A

“Classic prefrontal area

43
Q

Area 9, 46, 47 (Frontal Lobe)

A

“Classic motor association area”

44
Q

Area 10-12 (Frontal Lobe) Function

A
  • Social behavior
  • Motivation and ability to focus - attention (Most likely lost by this point in your studying)
  • Emotion/personality
  • Motor inhibition/planning
45
Q

Area 10-12 (Frontal Lobe) Lesion

A
  1. Perseveration: persists on single topic
  2. Apathy
  3. Poor focus
  4. “Change of personality” - inappropriate behavioral actions
46
Q

Area 9, 46, 47 (Frontal Lobe) Function

A
  • Planning and behavioral component of motor function

- Decides which voluntary movements to make according to higher-order instructions, rules and self-generated thoughts

47
Q

Area 9, 46, 47 (Frontal Lobe) Lesion

A
  • Contralateral motor apraxia

- Impaired motor planning, behavioral inhibition and motor inhibition

48
Q

Akinetic Mutism

A

Bilateral frontal lobe lesion

-Conscious alert patient who retains ability to move/speak but fails to do so

49
Q

Akinesia

A

Lack of movement

50
Q

Mutism

A

Lack of speech

51
Q

Area 3, 1, 2 (Parietal Lobe) Function

A
  • Primary somatosensory area
  • Detection of incoming somatosensory sensation from body/periphery
  • Homunculus arrangement
52
Q

Area 3, 1, 2 (Parietal Lobe) Lesion

A
  • Contralateral somatosensory loss

- Contralateral “anesthesia”

53
Q

Analgesia

A

Inability to detect pain (nociception)

54
Q

Parasthesia

A

Distorted/abnormal detection of sensation

55
Q

Area 5, 7 (Superior parietal lobe) Function

A
  • Somatosensory association area
  • Interprets/gives meaning to somatic sensory input
  • “Car keys in my left hand”
56
Q

Area 5, 7 (Superior parietal lobe) Lesion

A
  • Somatosensory agnosia, astereoagnosia, agraphesthesia

- NON-DOMINANT lesion- Anosagnosia (neglect)

57
Q

Agnosia

A
  • Loss of sensory interpretation

- Inability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes or smells

58
Q

Anosagnosia (“neglect”)

A
  • Ignorance of the presence of disease

- NON-DOMINANT parietal lobe damage

59
Q

Astereoagnosia (Stereoanesthesia)

A
  • Tactile amnesia

- Inability to judge the form of an object by touch

60
Q

Agraphesthesia (Cutaneous Kinesthesia)

A

Difficulty recognizing a familiar form traced on the area of skin (number on palm)

61
Q

Area 39, 40 (Parietal Lobe)

A

Somatosensory association area related to language and math

62
Q

Area 39, 40 (Parietal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Function

A
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Junction box of math, cognition and language
  • Processes and send to frontal lobe for “action”
63
Q

Area 39, 40 (Parietal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Lesion

A

Gerstmann’s Syndrome: calculations, dyslexia, finger agnosia, agraphia

64
Q

Area 39, 40 (Parietal Lobe) NON- Dominant Hemisphere Function

A
  • Interpretation of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech
  • “Musical aspects of speech”
65
Q

Area 39, 40 (Parietal Lobe) NON-Dominant Hemisphere Lesion

A
  • Sensory dysprosodia: difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm and tone
  • Inability to comprehend the “emotion of language”
66
Q

Agrpahia

A

Inability to write

67
Q

Acalculia

A

Arithmetic deficits

68
Q

Finger agnosia

A

Inability to distinguish between fingers (counting, etc…)

69
Q

Area 41 (Temporal Lobe) Function and Lesion

A
  • Primary auditory area
  • Detects sound
  • Deafness if bilateral damage
70
Q

Area 42 (Temporal Lobe) Function

A
  • Auditory association area

- Interpret sound, gives it meaning

71
Q

Area 42 (Temporal Lobe) Lesion

A

Auditory agnosia:

  • Inability to interpret significance of sound
  • Able to hear but can’t distinguish from “sound” or “language”
72
Q

Area 22 (Temporal Lobe)

A

Association area for language

73
Q

Area 22 (Temporal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Function

A
  • Wernicke’s Area

- Comprehension of the language (spoken word)

74
Q

Area 22 (Temporal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Lesion

A

Wernicke’s aphasia:

  • Can’t comprehend but can speak
  • “Word salad” - speaking a lot of words that don’t make sense
75
Q

Area 22 (Temporal Lobe) NON-Dominant Hemisphere Function

A
  • Interpretation of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech
  • “Musical aspects of speech”
  • “EMOTION OF LANGUAGE”
76
Q

Area 22 (Temporal Lobe) NON-Dominant Hemisphere Lesion

A

-Inability to comprehend the “emotion of language” (interpreting normal pitch, rhythm, stress in speech)

77
Q

Inferior, medial temporal lobes Function

A
  • Significant role in creating long-term memory/learning

- Transition of short term-long term memory

78
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

79
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of ability to memorize new things after injury

80
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Can’t recall events prior to injury

81
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

(Fugue state) Psychological trauma, usually temporary

82
Q

Repressed amnesia

A

Unable to recall information (often traumatic)

83
Q

Explicit memory (Delcarative memory)

A

Conscious and purposeful recall of previous experiences and information (dates, facts, places, time)

84
Q

Episodic memory

A
  • Specific recall of the events in a person’s life

- ***Associated w/NON-dominant hemisphere

85
Q

Semantic memory

A
  • Recall of factual knowledge of historical events/people

- ***Associated w/Dominant hemisphere

86
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memory/recall of previous experiences will unconsciously influence current task without conscious awareness

87
Q

Area 17 (Occipital Lobe) Function and Lesion

A
  • Primary visual area
  • Detects visual input
  • Blindness
88
Q

Area 18, 19 (Occipital Lobe) Function

A
  • Visual association area

- Interpret/give meaning to visual input

89
Q

Area 18, 19 (Occipital Lobe) Lesion

A
  1. Visual Agnosia
  2. Prosopagnosia
  3. Color Agnosia
  4. Alexia
90
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Inability to recognize an object by sight

91
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Difficulty recognizing familiar faces

92
Q

Color agnosia

A

Inability to recognize colors

93
Q

Alexia

A

Inability to understand written/printed words (language)

94
Q

Dominant Hemisphere Functions

A
  • Contralateral motor and somatosensory
  • Interpret and produce language (speech, grammar, writing)
  • Analysis, logical reasoning, calculation of information
95
Q

Lesions of Dominant Hemisphere

A
  • Contralateral loss of motor/somatosensory function
  • Aphasia
  • Unable to calculate, reason, problem solve/analyze
96
Q

NON-Dominant Hemisphere Functions

A
  • Contralateral motor and somatosensory function
  • Spatial attention
  • Music, drawing, creativity
  • Memory of visual, auditory and physical events
97
Q

Lesions of NON-Dominant Hemisphere

A
  • Language deficits (rhythm, timing)
  • Disorganization/disorientation to immediate moment or environment (can’t recall date, time, place, follow directions Construction apraxia, prosopagnosia)
  • ANOSAGNOSIA (NEGLECT)
98
Q

Astroglia (CNS)

A
  • Connective tissue of CNS

- Scar forming cells of CNS

99
Q

Oligodendroglia (CNS)

A

Myelinated neurons

100
Q

Ependymoglia (CNS)

A
  • Line ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord

- Secretory, absorptive, CSF circulatory role

101
Q

Microglia

A

Remove degenerative debris

102
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges or folds of the cortex (separated by sulci)

Pathophys II MHM - Exam 3 (5 decks)

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