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Pathophys II MHM - Exam 3 > Neuro 1 MHM > Flashcards

Neuro 1 MHM Flashcards

1
Q

Cell types of the nervous system

A

Neurons (99% are inter/projection neurons)

Glial cells

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2
Q

Types of glial cells

A
  1. Astroglia (CNS)
  2. Oligodendroglia (CNS)
  3. Ependymoglia (CNS)
  4. Microglia (CNS)
  5. Schwann cells (PNS)
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3
Q

Which glial cells are found in the PNS instead of the CNS?

A

Schwann cells

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4
Q

Describe astroglia cells

A
  • CT of CNS
  • Fill space between neurons and BVs (“scar forming”)
  • Some evidence of a functional role (BBB, transport)
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5
Q

Describe oligodendroglia cells

A

Each cell myelinates multiple neurons (axons) in the CNS

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6
Q

Describe ependymoglia cells

A

Line ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, choroid plexus
Functions: secretory, absorptive and CSF circulation

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7
Q

Describe microglia cells

A

Remove degenerative debris of CNS via phagocytosis

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8
Q

Describe Schwann cells

A

Myelinate single neuron (axon) in PNS

Provide CT support, myelinate, and have phagocytosis role

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9
Q

Which glial cells each myelinate multiple neurons in the CNS? Which glial cells each myelinate single neurons in the PNS?

A

Oligodendroglia (CNS, multiple neurons by one cell)

Schwann (PNS, single neuron by one cell)

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10
Q

How is the brain organized?

A
  • Forebrain (cerebrum): telencephalon, diencephalon
  • Midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • Hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata)
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11
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system composed of?

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Enteric nervous system of GI tract
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12
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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13
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges or folds of the cerebral cortex, separated by sulci

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15
Q

Sulci

A

Groove between the gyri (folds) of cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Fissures

A

Large deep sulci of the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated nerve fibers that communicate b/w regions of CNS

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18
Q

Fasciculus

A

Bundles or tracts of fibers

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19
Q

Commissures

A

Transverse connections between R/L hemispheres

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20
Q

Projection fibers

A

Connect cerebral cortex with lower portions of CNS

  • Afferent: input to cortex
  • Efferent: output from cortex
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21
Q

Association fibers

A

Cortical connection within the same hemisphere

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22
Q

Gray matter

A
  • Columnar arrangement of cerebral cortex

- Gyri and sulci increase surface area

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23
Q

Cerebral cortex lobes

A 
Each hemisphere consists of:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital 
Insular
Limbic
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24
Q

What is Brodmann’s mapping?

A

System identifying functional regions of the cortex

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25
Q

Areas of function in cerebral cortex

A
  • Primary (“raw” motor and sensory input)
  • Secondary (give meaning to primary sensory area)
  • Association (uni and multimodal - integrate sensory, memory input w/motor areas to provide meaningful perceptual experience)
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26
Q

Area 4

A

Primary motor area (frontal)

  • Contralateral voluntary movement
  • Homunculus arrangement
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27
Q

Lesion of Area 4

A

Contralateral hemiparesis/plegia

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28
Q

Area 6

A

Pre-motor area (frontal)

-Prep motor area and plan sequence for execution of voluntary movement

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29
Q

Lesion of Area 6

A

-Inability to plan, sequence, perform purposeful movement

contralateral apraxia of involved regions

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30
Q

Define apraxia and what causes it

A
  • Inability to execute purposeful learned voluntary movement

- Result of lesions to motor areas of frontal lobe OR sensory input from parietal areas

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31
Q

Define ataxia

A

Uncoordinated voluntary movement

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32
Q

Define gait apraxia

A

Diminished ability to perform learned movement of walking/standing

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33
Q

Define construction apraxia and what lesions cause it

A
  • Inability to draw/construct geometric figures

- Lesion in NON-dominant parietal and frontal lobes

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34
Q

Define sensory apraxia

A

Inability to formulate the ideational plan for executing the multiple steps of purposeful voluntary movement
(aka ideational, conceptual apraxia)

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35
Q

Define ideomotor apraxia

A

Inability to perform a task when asked (e.g. comb hair, use a hammer)

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36
Q

Area 8

A
  • Frontal eye field

- Conjugate gaze (lateral) to opposite direction (side)

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37
Q

Define conjugate gaze

A

“Coupled”

Ability of eyes to move simultaneously in same direction to visualize an object

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38
Q

Lesion to Area 8

A
  • Destructive: eyes deviate TOWARD lesion

- Irritative (seizure): eyes deviate AWAY from the lesion

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39
Q

Destructive vs. irritative lesion of Area 8

A

Destructive: eyes TOWARD lesion
Irritative: eyes AWAY from lesion

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40
Q

Areas 44, 45 (in general)

A
  • Motor production of language (frontal)

- Different role depending on dominant vs. non-dominant hemisphere

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41
Q

Areas 44, 45 dominant hemisphere

A

Broca’s speech area

  • Motor production of language (speech, writing, signing)
  • Serves as pre-programmer to motor cortex
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42
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • DOMINANT areas 44, 45
  • Frontal lobe
  • Motor production of language
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43
Q

Damage to Broca’s area

A

Broca’s aphasia

Can comprehend language but can’t speak

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44
Q

Define aphasia

A
  • Acquired impairment of comprehension/production of language
  • Can be sensory, motor or both
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45
Q

Define dysarthria

A

Difficulty of motor control of tongue/mouth to produce speech

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46
Q

Define dysphagia

A

Difficulty with motor function of swallowing

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47
Q

Areas 44, 45 NON-dominant hemisphere

A

Production of normal pitch, rhythm, variation of stress/tone

musical aspects of speech

48
Q

Damage to NON-dominant Areas 44, 45

A
  • Motor dysprosodia: difficulty in musical aspects of speech

- Prosody: fluctuations in tone, melody, timing, pauses, etc.

49
Q

Areas 10-12

A

Classic prefrontal area

  • Social behavior
  • Motivation and ability to focus
  • Emotion/personality
  • Motor inhibition/planning
50
Q

Areas 9, 46, 47

A

Classic motor association area

  • Planning and behavioral component of motor function
  • Integrates sensory info w/motor planning, organizing, regulating
  • Decide which voluntary movements to make
51
Q

Lesion to areas 10-12

A
  • Perseveration (stay on one topic)
  • Apathy
  • Poor focus on task
  • Change of personality
  • Inappropriate behavioral actions
52
Q

Lesion to areas 9, 46, 47

A
  • Contralateral motor apraxia
  • Impaired motor planning
  • Impaired motor inhibition
  • Impaired behavioral inhibition
53
Q

Define akinetic mutism

A
  • Bilateral frontal lobe lesion

- Conscious alert patient who has ability to move/speak but fails to do so (inhibited motivation, increased apathy)

54
Q

Define akinesia

A

Lack of movement

55
Q

Define perseveration

A

Persisting on a single topic

56
Q

Areas 3, 1, 2

A

Primary somatosensory area (parietal)

  • Detection of incoming somatosensory sensation from body/periphery
  • Homunculus arrangement
57
Q

Lesion to areas 3, 1, 2

A
  • Contralateral somatosensory loss

- Contralateral anesthesia (loss of sensation)

58
Q

Define paresthesia

A

Distorted/abnormal detection of sensation

59
Q

Areas 5, 7

A

Somatosensory association area (parietal)

  • Interprets or gives meaning to somatic sensory input
  • Ability to recognize “car keys in my L hand”
60
Q

Lesion in areas 5, 7

A
  • Somatosensory agnosia, astereoagnosia, agraphesthesia
  • NON-DOMINANT hemisphere: anosagnosia (neglect)
  • May contribute to sensory component of apraxia
61
Q

Define agnosia

A
  • Loss of sensory interpretation

- Inability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, etc.

62
Q

Define anosagnosia

A

“Neglect”

  • Ignorance of disease presence
  • NON-DOMINANT parietal lobe damage (associative areas)
63
Q

What kind of damage results in anosagnosia?

A

Non-dominant parietal lobe damage (associative areas)

64
Q

Define astereoagnosia

A
  • Tactile agnosia

- Inability to judge the form of an object by touch

65
Q

Define agraphesthesia

A

Difficulty recognizing a familiar form (number/letter) traced on an area of skin

66
Q

What is the primary motor area?

A

Area 4

67
Q

What is the classic prefrontal area?

A

Areas 10-12

68
Q

What is the classic motor association area?

A

Areas 9, 46, 47

69
Q

Areas 39, 40

A

Somatosensory association area related to language and math

70
Q

Areas 39, 40 Dominant hemisphere

A
  • Part of posterior Wernicke’s area
  • Multimodal junction box of language, math, cognition
  • Processes and sends to frontal lobe for action
71
Q

Lesion in areas 39, 40 DOMINANT hemisphere

A
  • Gerstmann’s syndrome (calculations, R-L confusion, finger agnosia, agraphia)
  • Can result in Wernicke’s (sensory) aphasia
72
Q

What is Gerstmann’s syndrome?

A
  • Damage to areas 39, 40 in dominant hemisphere

- Difficulty w/calculations, R-L confusion, finger agnosia, agrpahia

73
Q

Lesion in areas 39, 40 NON-dominant hemisphere

A

Sensory dysprosodia: difficulty of speech in interpreting the musical aspects

74
Q

What is sensory dysprosodia?

A

Inability to comprehend the emotion of language

75
Q

Define dyslexia

A

Impairment or difficulty with fluency or comprehension accuracy in ability to read (also R-L disorientation)

76
Q

Agraphia

A

Inability to write

77
Q

Acalculia

A

Math deficits

78
Q

Finger agnosia

A

Inability to distinguish between fingers

79
Q

What is the primary auditory area?

A

Area 41

80
Q

Area 41

A

Primary auditory area (temporal)

-Detect sound

81
Q

Lesion of area 41

A

Deafness if bilateral damage

82
Q

Area 42

A

Auditory association area (temporal)

-Interpret sound, give it meaning

83
Q

Lesion of area 42

A

Auditory agnosia

  • Inability to interpret significance of sound
  • Can hear but can’t distinguish sound from language
  • Bilateral temporal lobe lesions
84
Q

Area 22

A

Association area for language (temporal)

85
Q

Area 22 dominant hemisphere

A

Wernicke’s area

-Comprehension of language (auditory - spoken word)

86
Q

Lesion to area 22 of dominant hemisphere

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

  • Can’t comprehend, but can speak
  • Word salad (speaking a lot of words that don’t make sense)
87
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A
  • Area 22 dominant (temporal lobe)

- Association area for language

88
Q

Area 22 NON-dominant hemisphere

A

Interpretation of musical aspects of speech

89
Q

Lesion to area 22 of NON-dominant hemisphere

A

Sensory dysprosodia - inability to comprehend emotion of language

90
Q

Lesions of which areas cause sensory dysprosodia?

A
  • Areas 39, 40 non-dominant (parietal)

- Area 22 non-dominant (temporal)

91
Q

Which lobes are involved in the complex aspects of learning and memory?

A

Temporal and limbic

92
Q

Where is the limbic lobe located?

A

Deep to temporal lobe

93
Q

Functions of inferior, medial temporal lobes

A
  • Create long-term memory/learning

- Transition short term to long term memory

94
Q

Lesions of the temporal lobe result in what?

A

Amnesia (loss of memory)

95
Q

What are the patterns of amnesia?

A

Anterograde
Retrograde
Dissociative (fugue state)
Repressed

96
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of ability to memorize new things after injury

97
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Can’t recall events prior to injury

98
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

Fugue state

Psych trauma usually temporary

99
Q

Repressed amnesia

A

Unable to recall info (often traumatic)

100
Q

Types of long term memory

A

Explicit (including episodic and semantic)

Implicit

101
Q

Define explicit memory

A

Declarative memory

-Conscious and purposeful recall of previous experiences and info

102
Q

Define episodic memory

A

Type of explicit memory

  • Specific recall of events in a person’s life
  • A/w NON-dominant hemisphere
103
Q

Episodic memory is a/w which hemisphere?

A

Non-dominant (temporal lobe)

104
Q

Define semantic memory

A

Type of explicit memory

  • Recall of factual knowledge of historical events/people
  • Recognize people
  • Academic info
  • A/w DOMINANT hemisphere
105
Q

Semantic memory is a/w which hemisphere?

A

Dominant (temporal lobe)

106
Q

Define implicit memory

A

Memory/recall of previous experiences will unconsciously influence current task without conscious awareness

107
Q

Ways implicit memory is formed

A
  • Familiarity (hear it enough it becomes true)
  • Priming
  • Skill learning (perform without “thinking”)
108
Q

Area 17

A

Primary visual area (occipital)

-Detect visual input

109
Q

What is the primary visual area?

A

Area 17 (occipital)

110
Q

Lesion of Area 17

A

Blindness

111
Q

Areas 18, 19

A

Visual association area (occipital)

-Interpret or give meaning to visual input

112
Q

Lesion of areas 18, 19

A

Visual agnosia
Prosopagnosia
Color agnosia
Alexia

113
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Inability to recognize an object by sight

114
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Difficulty recognizing familiar faces

115
Q

Alexia

A

Inability to understand written/printed word

116
Q

Functions of dominant hemisphere

A
  1. Contralateral motor and somatosensory
  2. Interpret and produce language
  3. Analysis, logical reasoning, calculation of info
117
Q

Functions of non-dominant hemisphere

A
  1. Contralateral motor and somatosensory
  2. Spatial attention
  3. Music, drawing, creativity
  4. Memory of visual, auditory, physical events

Pathophys II MHM - Exam 3 (5 decks)

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