Neuro Lecture 4

Question 1

On the lateral surface of the brain, what arbitrary line separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobes and temporal lobes?

Answer 1

Parieto occipital sulcus and the pre occipital notch.

Question 2

what separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.

Answer 2

The lateral (sylvan fissure)

Question 3

How would you find the central sulcus on the medial surface of the brain?

Answer 3

follow the cingulate sulcus to the end of its marginal ramus.

Question 4

Telencephalon: Olfactory Nerve (CN 1), deficits?

Answer 4

Anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and olfactory hypesthesia/hyperesthesia

Question 5

Diencephalon: CN II (optic nerve), deficits?

Answer 5

Blindness, hemianopia, quadrantanopia, and loss of AFFERENT limb corneal reflex

Question 6

Mesencephalon (ventral): CN III Oculomotor Nerve, deficits?

Answer 6

Paralysis of most eye movements and diplopia (double vision). Pupillary dilation and loss of efferent limb corneal reflex.

Question 7

Mesencephalon: CN IV Trochlear Nerve, deficits?

Answer 7

Inability to look down and out and diplopia

Question 8

CN V: Trigeminal, deficits?

Answer 8

Loss of sensation on areas of the face and in oral cavity served by each division; loss of afferent limb corneal and jaw jerk reflexes. Masticatory muscle weakness/paralysis and loss of efferent limb jaw-jerk reflex.

Question 9

which is the only cranial nerve that comes directly from the pons?

Answer 9

CN V: trigeminal

Question 10

CN VI: Abducens, deficits?

Answer 10

Lateral gaze palsy and diplopia

Question 11

pure sensory nerves exit where?

Answer 11

Further away from the midline or more lateral

Question 12

pure motor nerves exit where?

Answer 12

Closer to the midline or more medial

Question 13

CN VII: Facial, deficits?

Answer 13

weakness/paralysis of facial muscles and loss of efferent limb corneal reflex. Loss of taste anterior 2/3rd of tongue. Loss of ear sensation

Question 14

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear, deficits?

Answer 14

Deafness, tinnitus, vertigo, unsteady gait, and nystagmus

Question 15

CN IX: glossopharyngeal, deficits?

Answer 15

Difficulty swallowing and loss of gag reflex, Decrease of secretory function, loss of taste on posterior third of tongue, loss of sensation in external auditory meatus, possible bradycardia or tachycardia

Question 16

CN X: Vagus Nerve, deficits?

Answer 16

Dysphagia, dysarthria, loss of vocals function, and loss of gag reflex. Decrease in secretory action and effect on intestinal motility and heart rate. Loss of taste. Loss of sensation in external auditory meatus and on eardrum. Decrease/loss of sensations from viscera; may affect gag reflex.

Question 17

CN XI: Spinal Accessory Nerve, deficits?

Answer 17

Weakness of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 18

CN XIII: Hypoglossal Nerve, deficits?

Answer 18

Deviation of the tongue on protrusion.

Question 19

what 3 nerves come from the postolivary sulcus?

Answer 19

CN IX, X, XI

Question 20

what nerve comes from preolivary sulcus?

Answer 20

CN XII

Question 21

what nerve comes from the cerebellopontine angle?

Answer 21

CN VIII and VII

Question 22

What is the conus medullaris?

Answer 22

Caudal end of the cord

Question 23

what is the cauda equine?

Answer 23

nerves exiting the conus medullaris form a nervous complex.

Question 24

does the dural sac have nerve endings?

Answer 24

yes and ends at the level of S2 vertebra and is attached to the coccyx by the film terminale externum

Question 25

at what spinal level is the lumbar puncture made and why?

Answer 25

Lumbar puncture is between L4 and L5 vertebrae and this is done because the spinal cord ends at the level of L2

Question 26

what does the opercular area consist of?

Answer 26

parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes that cover the insular lobe

Question 27

Broca’s Motor Speech Area consists of what?

Answer 27

left hemisphere area 45= pars triangularis and area 44= pars opercularis

Question 28

A lesion in the 45 and 44 area is called what? And what are the symptoms?

Answer 28

Broca aphasia. Have great difficulty turning ideas into meaningful speech

Question 29

Wernicke’s Receptive Speech Area consists of what?

Answer 29

Left hemisphere, posterior portion of area 22 (including planum temporal)

Question 30

A lesion in the 22 area is called what? And what are the symptoms?

Answer 30

Wernicke aphasia. patients speak freely and w without hesitation but what is said may make little sense due to the use of inappropriate words.

Question 31

Primary motor cortex consists of what?

Answer 31

area 4, pre central gyrus

Question 32

primary somatosensory cortex consists of what?

Answer 32

areas 3,1,2 and post central gyrus.

Question 33

what two parts of the brain form part of Wernicke’s language area?

Answer 33

transverse temporal sulcus and the planum temporale

Question 34

From the medial to lateral in the inferior frontal region are what structures?

Answer 34

Longitudinal fissure, gyrus rectus, olfactory sulcus, and orbital gyri

Question 35

what three cortexes together constitute the olfactory cortex?

Answer 35

piriform cortex, peri amygdaloid and entorhinal cortex.

Question 36

what structure on the frontal and parietal lobe of the brain corresponds to closure of rostral neuropore?

Answer 36

Lamina Terminalis

Question 37

what is the fornix?

Answer 37

a large bundle of axons yielding an arch from the hippocampal formation to the hypothalamic mammillary body that constitutes part of the limbic circularity.

Question 38

what does the diencephalon contain?

Answer 38

Hypothalamic sulcus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 39

what does the mesencephalon contain?

Answer 39

tectum, tegmentum, cerebral aquaduct, CN III

Question 40

what does the met encephalon contain?

Answer 40

basilar pons, tegmentum and pontine 4th ventricle

Question 41

what does the myelencephalon contain?

Answer 41

tegmentum, medullary 4th ventricle, foramen of Magendie