Neuro Interventions Flashcards
1
Q
Define motor program
A
- A set of prestructured muscle commands that when initiated results in the production of a coordinated movement sequence (learned task)
2
Q
Define motor plan
A
- An overall strategy for movement
- An action sequence requiring the coordination of a number of motor programs
3
Q
Describe feedback versus feedforward
A
- Feedback: afferent (sensory) info sent by various sensory receptors to control centers; allows motor responses to be adapted to the demands of the environment
- Feedforward: readies the system in advance of movement; anticipatory responses that adjust the system for incoming sensory feedback for future movements
4
Q
Define motor learning
A
- A change in the capability of a person to perform a skill; the result of practice or experience
5
Q
Define generalizability
A
- The acquired capability to apply what has been learned to other similar tasks (transfer tests)
6
Q
Define resistance to contextual change
A
- Acquired capability to apply what has been learned to other environmental contexts
7
Q
Describe intrinsic versus augmented feedback
A
- Intrinsic: sensory info normally acquired during performance of a task
- Augmented: externally presented feedback that is added to that normally acquired during task performance
8
Q
Describe knowledge of results versus knowledge of performance
A
- Results: augmented feedback about the outcome of a movement
- Performance: augmented feedback about the nature of the movement produced
9
Q
Describe the different types of practice
A
- Blocked: practice of a single motor skill repeatedly
- Variable: practice of varied motor skills in which the performer is required to make rapid modifications of the skill in order to match the demands of the task
- Random: practice of a group of motor skills in random order
- Serial: practice of a group of motor skills in serial or predictable order
- Massed: relatively continuous practice in which the amount of rest time is small
- Distributed: practice time is less than rest time
- Mental: cognitive rehearsal of a motor skill w/o overt physical performance
10
Q
Define transfer of a skill
A
- The effects of having previous practice of a skill or skills upon the learning of a new skill or upon performance in a new context
11
Q
Describe part-whole versus bilateral transfer
A
- Part-whole: a learning technique in a which a complex motor task is broken down into its component parts for separate practice before practice of the integrated whole
- Bilateral: improvement in movement skill performance with one limb results from practice of similar movements with the opposite limb
12
Q
When to provide feedback to improve performance versus learning/retention
A
- Performance: feedback after every trial
- Learning/retention: feedback should be variable
13
Q
What type of feedback is good for early/cognitive phase of learning versus later/associative phase
A
- Cognitive: visual feedback
- Associative: proprioceptive feedback
14
Q
What should be the focus of feedback in early versus later stages of learning
A
- Early: feedback on correct aspects of performance
- Later: feedback on errors as they become consistent
15
Q
Strategies to vary locomotor task demands
A
- Walking forward/backward
- Side-stepping
- Cross-stepping (braiding)
- Stopping, starting, and turning on cue
- Head movements
- Step-ups, step-up and over, and stair climbing
- Obstacles
