Genital/Reproductive System Flashcards
The ovaries produce female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) under control of
- Hypothalamus: gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
- Anterior pituitary gland (gonadotropic follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones)
What are women at higher risk for following menopause
- Osteoporosis with risk of bony fracture as estrogen decreases the rate of bone resorption
- Heart disease and stroke as estrogen increases production of the thyroid and increase high density lipoproteins (protection against heart disease)
Average weight gain in a normal pregnancy
- 20-30lbs
Common changes with pregnancy and PT interventions
- Forward head posture and increased lumbar lordosis
- Limit time in supine in 3rd trimester to avoid inferior vena cava compression
- COG shifts forward and upward, wider BOS
- Ligamentous laxity secondary to hormonal influences (relaxin) pain most commonly weight bearing joints and SIJ
- Stretched/weakened abdominal muscles can lead to stress incontinence in advanced pregnancy
- Elevation of diaphragm with widening of thoracic cage: hyperventilation, dyspnea
- Increased blood volume, venous pressure in LEs, HR and CO, and decreased BP
- Increased basal metabolic rate; increased heat production
Lateral separation or split of the rectus abdominis; separation from midline (lines alba) greater than 2cm is significant
- Diastasis recti abdominis
Herniation pf the bladder into the vagina
- Cystocele
Herniation of the rectum into the vagina
- Rectocele
Bulging of the uterus into the vagina
- Uterine prolapse
Contraindications to pelvic floor exercises
- Individuals with recent surgery, urinary catheter in place, or excessive pelvic pain
Parameters for kegal exercise
- Make sure bladder is empty prior to starting
- Hold for 5-10 sec
- Relax for 10sec
- Repeat 5 times to start and progress to 10 times; 3 times/day
What position is best to maximize blood flow to the fetus during pregnancy
- Left side-lying
Interventions for varicose veins
- Elevate extremities, avoid crossing legs which may press on veins
- Use of elastic support stockings may help
Pregnancy-induced, acute HTN after the 24th week of gestation. Symptoms include HTN, edema, sudden excessive weight gain, HA, visual disturbances, and/or hyperreflexia
- Preeclampsia
- Initiate prompt physician referral
PT interventions for post cesarean complications
- Post-op TENS can be used for incisional pain; electrodes placed parallel to the incision
- Assist pt is breathing, coughing to prevent pulmonary complications
- Friction massage to prevent incisional adhesions
Ectopic growth and function of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. Common sites include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, broad ligaments, uterosacral ligaments, pelvis, vagina, or intestines.
- Endometriosis
Symptoms of endometriosis
- Pain
- Dysmenorrhea
- Dyspareunia (abnormal pain during sexual intercourse)
- Infertility
Most common cancer of the female reproductive organs. Symptoms include pelvic pain, bleeding between periods, vaginal bleeding despite menopause, central LBP, posterior thigh pain, and/or abdominal pain.
- Endometrial carcinoma (Uterine cancer)
An inflammation of the upper reproductive tract involving the uterus (endometritis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), or ovaries (oophoritis)
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Symptoms of PID
- Lower abdominal pain that typically starts after a menstrual cycle
- Purulent cervical discharge
- Painful cervix
- Fever
- Elevated WBC
- Increased ESR
Functions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in males
- FSH initiates spermatogenesis
- LH regulates testosterone production
The inability to achieve and maintain erection for sexual intercourse
- Erectile dysfunction (ED) (impotence)
Organic causes of erectile dysfunction
- Neurogenic: stroke, cerebral trauma, SCI, MS, Parkinson’s disease
- Hormonal: decreased androgen levels with hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, and hypopituitarism
- Vascular: HTN, coronary heart disease,, hyperlipidemia, smoking, DM, pelvic irradiation
- Drug induced
- Aging increases risk
Lump or enlargement in testicle, ache in groin or abdominal, enlargement of the breasts, LBP that may or may not radiate to the groin. Most common between ages of 15-35 years of age.
- Testicular cancer
Infection and inflammation of the prostate gland
- Prostatitis
Bacterial UTI associated with catheterization and multiple sex partners. Sx include urinary frequency, urgency, nocturne, dysuria, urethral discharge, fever and chills, malaise, myalgia and arthralgia, and pain.
- Acute bacterial prostatitis
Can be bacterial in origin and associated with recurrent UTIs. Sx include urinary frequency and urgency, myalgia and arthralgia, and pain in low back or perineal region.
- Chronic prostatitis
Pain in penis, testicles, and scrotum; painful ejaculation; LBP or pain in the inner thighs; urinary symptoms; decreased libido; and impotence.
- Nonbacterial inflammatory prostatitis
Risk factors for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- Age (1/3 of men have moderate to severe symptoms by age 60, 1/2 by age 80)
- Obesity
- DM
- Heart disease
Symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- Frequent urination
- Nocturia
- Difficulty starting urination
- Weak stream
- Inability to completely empty the bladder with risk of developing UTIs, bladder stones, or damage
2nd most common cause of male death from cancer; cancer that metastasizes to bone.
- Prostate cancer
- Risk factors: age (50% of men over 80 years), obesity, and family hx
Symptoms of prostate cancer
- Early there are often no s/s
- Later stages sx are similar to BPH but may also have blood in urine/semen, bone and night pain; weight loss without trying; erectile dysfunction
