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Neuro > Neuro Final - From Quizlet - 53+ > Flashcards

Neuro Final - From Quizlet - 53+ Flashcards

1
Q

vitamin A deficiency

A

causes loss of rods =

loss of nocturnal activity

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2
Q

loss of color vision

A

lesion:
optic nerve
visual association - cortical

congenital

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3
Q

eye movement: look right

A

right eye: lateral rectus

left eye: medial rectus

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4
Q

eye movement: look up & right

A

right eye: superior rectus

left eye: inferior oblique

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5
Q

eye movement: look down & right

A

right eye: inferior rectus

left eye: superior oblique

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6
Q

innervation of eye muscles: [LR6 - SO4 ]3

A

lateral rectus = CN6 =abducens nerve

superior oblique = CN 4 /trochlear nerve

the rest = CN 3 = oculomotor nerve

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7
Q

lesion in anterior hypothalamus

A

hyperthermia

anterior hypothalamus function = heat loss
vasodilation + sweating

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8
Q

lesion in posterior hypothalamus

A

decrease in temperature regulation

posterior hypothalamus function = heat production: vasoconstriction

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9
Q

lesion in amygdala

A

lack of fear (can be lethal!)

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10
Q

pseudobulbar affect - TX

A

dextromethorphan + quinidine

reduces laughing, crying episodes in ALS/MS patients

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11
Q

performance anxiety - TX

A

propranolol

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12
Q

reward system & projections

A

ventral tegmental projections - DA fibers to mesolimbic system

nucleus accumbens
amygdala
prefrontal cortex
basal forebrain
hippocampus
hypothalamus
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13
Q

lesion of the labyrinth

A

affect vestibular eye movements

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14
Q

lesion of the vestibular nuclei disrupts what?

A

disrupt vestibular and smooth pursuit eye movements

Sedative drugs often disrupt smooth pursuit

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15
Q

Dopamine agonists - lead to?

A

lead to compulsive gambling, compulsive shopping, binge eating or hypersexuality in up to 10-20 % of patients with Parkinson’s disease

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16
Q

treat impulsive behavior

A

Dopamine antagonists

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17
Q

Treatment of alcohol addition (3)

A

(NAB)
Naltrexone - long acting opioid receptor antagonist, block reward and decreases craving of alcohol (for Pt already off alcohol)

Acamprosate - GABA analog, prevent drinking relapses

benzos prevent & treat alcohol withdrawal

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18
Q

Treatment of opioid addiction (3 drugs)

A

methadone: mu agonist - long duration = suppress withdrawal
naltrexone: opioid antagonist = block reward experience of opioid drugs

buprenorphine (sounds like morphine): partial mu agonist = maintenance drug for opioid dependent Pts

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19
Q

partial /focal seizures (3)

A

secondarily generalized - start focal, spreads to entire brain

simple partial - no abnormal consciousness

complex partial- consciousness impaired. Has aura & post-ictal sleepiness -often in temporal lobe

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20
Q

generalized seizures (2)

A

absence - kids, no post-ictal confusion

tonic-clonic (grand mal) - 
sudden loss of consciousness
tonic = stiff muscle contraction
clonic = jerking
post-ictal confusion, sleepiness
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21
Q

lesion of basis pontis (pons)

A

locked-in state

normal consciousness but paralyzed,
some preservation of eye movements

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22
Q

severe diffuse cerebral cortical lesion

A

Vegetative state

normal arousal, sleep-wake cycle and vegetative functions,

but no higher brain functions

23
Q

Stupor and Coma - Where is the Lesion?

A

Supratentorial mass lesion = herniation syndrome with secondary “pressure” effect on the RAS (reticular activating system)

(or) Focal lesion directly involving the RAS in the pontine midbrain tegmentum or in the thalami (mostly subtentorial)
(or) usually Diffuse/multifocal lesion of bilateral cerebral hemispheres

24
Q

Aprosodia

loss of intonation - speaks like robot

A

due to

Parkinson’s Disease (most likely) ; or

lesion in right hemisphere (resp for speech intonation)

25
Q

bilateral lesions of occipital temporal projection (visual system)

A

Visual Agnosia
good visual acuity
BUT unable to recognize object

“what / recognition system” = occipital temporal projection
“where system” =occipital parietal projection

26
Q

Constructional Apraxia

A

lesion= left or right cerebral hemisphere or thalamus (not localizing)

Inability to put the parts together into a whole, as in drawing or copyin

27
Q

Prefrontal Lobe Syndrome - medial lesion

A

difficulty with initiation and continuation of motor acts
(akinetic)
(“medial = cannot “mediate” motor)

28
Q

Prefrontal Lobe Syndrome - orbital lesion

A

inappropriate and disinhibited behavior

“orbital”= “see” what you want and do it w/o regard to consequence

29
Q

Prefrontal Lobe Syndromes -

Dorsolateral lesion

A

difficulty with abstraction, problem solving, changing strategies
(hard word= no hard thinking)

30
Q

transient global amnesia

A

lesion= bilateral medial temporal lobe structures important for memory (transient dysfunction)

31
Q

left sided neglect (hemi-attention)

where is the lesion?

A

right brain lesion in cerebral hemisphere or thalamus (not localized)

32
Q

chronic + focal

category?

A

neoplasm

33
Q

memory problem - 2 places lesion could be

A 
medial temporal lobe (in cortex - only cortex can have seizures)
medial diencephalon (NOT in cortex)
34
Q

cannot form new verbal memory

where is the lesion?

A

lesion in left brain

either in medial temporal lobe or
medial diencephalon
if also seizures = left medial temporal lobe

35
Q

cannot form new verbal or non-verbal memory

where is the lesion?

A

bilateral medial temporal lobe or
bilateral medial diencephalon lesion

if previous MI/stroke - hippocampus is affected = lesion is in bilateral medial temporal lobe

36
Q

100% isolated retrograde amnesia

Where is the lesion?

A 
isolated retrograde amnesia
Where is the lesion?
Conversion syndrome!
Not neurological problem. 
Mind distressed = self-hypnotized brain into amnesia (wow!)
37
Q

problem with language comprehension

abnormal with word/noun finding difficulties and paraphasic errors

A

Wernicke’s aphasia
Lots of output, bad comprehension
cannot follow commands

lesion = left superior temporal gyrus -posterior portion

38
Q

problem with language output

language comp is ok

A

Broca’s aphasia

lesion = left inferior frontal gyrus - posterior part

39
Q

anterograde amnesia for verbal info

A

left hippocampus formation

Or left diencephalon

40
Q

anterograde amnesia of non-verbal info

A

right hippocampus formation

41
Q

bipolar disorder - meds (4)

A
  1. lithium = unknown MOA
  2. quetiapine = D2/5HT2 antagonist
  3. divalproex = Ca and Na blocker
  4. carbamezepine = Na blocker

(L-Q-D-C)

42
Q

anxiety - meds (3)

A

(BBB)

  1. benzo/diazepam (GABA-A agonist)
  2. beta blocker/propanol
  3. busprione = non-benzo anxiolytic; agonist at 5HT1a and D2 receptors
43
Q

what drug can be used for depression and smoking cessation?

A

buproprion = increase DA & NE

44
Q

lesion in left vestibular portion of CN8

A

left head tilt

right linear acceleration

45
Q

left semi-circular canal

A

left head rotation

46
Q

Pt has shooting pain on right side,
decreased sensation and weakness on right
sensation loss is severe in center and less at margins.

Where is the lesion?

A

graded margins = lesion at roots (not peripheral nerve bc peripheral = sharp margins)
hyporeflexia = LMN lesion
lesion = LMN lesion at roots

47
Q

UMN issue in legs but not in arms

where is the lesion?

A

Spinal cord lesion

48
Q

Epileptic Seizure with Impaired Awareness

where is the lesion?

A

temporal lobe (70-80%)

49
Q

lesion in left frontal eye field

A

saccades to the right

fast phase of nystagmus

50
Q

mirtazepine

A

Antidepressant
increase NE and Serotinin release
inhibit pre-synaptic alpha-2 and 5HT2A
no effect on reuptake

51
Q

buspirone

A

non-benzo anxiolytic
partial 5HT agonist
partially block D2

52
Q

lesion in intralaminal nuclei of thalamus

A

stupor and coma

53
Q

Ondansetron - not effective for?

A

vestibular, D2 or opioid induced N/V

no 5HT receptors in vestibular system

54
Q

Pontine Micturation Center - Pathway

A

PMC descends in lateral spinal cord - starts the void and coordinates it (ParaNS reflex keeps it going)

Neuro (9 decks)

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