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Neuro > Neuro Final - from quizlet - 1-53 > Flashcards

Neuro Final - from quizlet - 1-53 Flashcards

1
Q

Lesion in Conus Medularis

S2-S5 spinal cord

A

hyper emptying reflex

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2
Q

Neurogenic Bladder

A 
Bilateral lesions required
Incontinence (leak)
Urge incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Stress incontinence = not neurogenic = postpartum females
Urinary frequency
Urinary hesitancy
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3
Q

Lesion in Pontine Micturation Center

or SC lesion communication to PMC

A

Detrusor-Sphincter Dyssynergia

emptying,
but residual urine in bladder
uncoordinated deltrusor contraction & urethral (ext) sphincter relaxation

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4
Q

Tx: Detrusor- Sphincter Dyssynergia

A

Botox -

inject into external urethral sphincter

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5
Q

Lesion (rostral to) above PMC

A

Uninhibited neurogenic bladder =
UMN overactive bladder

sensation normal
urge incontinence
normal initiation of voiding
no urinary rentention

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6
Q

Lesion in spinal cord disconnects SNS, PSNS, somatic reflex from PMC
(below PMC)

A

Automatic Neurogenic Bladder =
UMN overactive bladder

sensation decreased
urge incontinence
difficulty with initiation of voiding
urinary retention

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7
Q

LMN / underactive neurogenic bladder

large bladders!

A

lesion in:

sensory afferents (from bladder) = sensory neurogenic bladder
motor & visceral efferents (to bladder) = motor neurogenic bladder
sacral spinal cord centers involved in bladder function = autonomous neurogenic bladder
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8
Q

Pontine Micturition Center - 3 functions

A

inhibits SNS outflow = internal sphincter relax
activates PNS outflow = detrusor contracts
inhibits somatic outflow = external sphincter relax

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9
Q

speak hoarsely
sounds hyper-nasal
difficulty swallowing

A

lesion in CN 10 /vagus nerve

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10
Q

Central Auditory Pathways

A

Ipsilateral
cochlea (inner ear)
cochlear portion of vestibulocochlear nerve CN8
cochlear nuclei (medulla)

Bilateral
superior olive nucleus (pons)
lateral lemniscus 
inferior colliculus (midbrain)
medial geniculate (thalamus)
primary auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyri on superior aspect of superior temporal gyrus)
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11
Q

Very loud sounds are heard as “too loud”

A

lesion of trigeminal (5) or facial nerve (7)
(leads to loss of dampening of very loud
sounds in the middle ear)
Hyperacusis

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12
Q

cannot wrinkle forehead

A

LMN lesion

facial nerve/CN7

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13
Q

Vestibulopathy - lesion location

A

Lesion in labyrinth, nerve or nucleus

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14
Q

3 meds cause seizures in normal people

A

tramadol (weak mu agonist & SNRI)
buproprion
clozapine (1st gen antipsychotic)

(TBC-to b continued)

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15
Q

bladder - Sympathetic innervation

A 
T10- L2 ventral roots
HYPOGASTRIC nerve
Innervate detrusor muscle via beta receptors=
Bladder relaxes and fills
Internal sphincter contracts (can't pee)
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16
Q

bladder - parasympathetic innervation

A

S2-S4 ventral roots
PELVIC nerves
Innervate detrusor muscle via M Ach receptors=
bladder contracts & empties (pee)

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17
Q

pupil light reflex

A

Light in one eye- both get smaller

Ipsilateral optic nerve in
Bilateral ocularmotor nerve out

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18
Q

jaw jerk reflex

A

Partly open jaw - masseter and temporalis contract

V3 in (mandibular nerve) 
V1 motor out (ophthalmic nerve)
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19
Q

Corneal reflex

A

Gently touch cornea- both eyes blink

Ipsilateral V1 in (ophthalmic nerve)
Bilateral motor facial nerve out

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20
Q

Gag reflex

A

Gently touch posterior pharynx on one side-Bilateral soft palate goes up, Bilateral posterior pharynx comes in

Ipsilateral glosso-pharangeal nerve in
Bilateral vagus nerve out

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21
Q

motion sickness - tx

A

scopolamine

diphenhydramine

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22
Q

chemo-induced N/V

A

Ondansetron

23
Q

treatment of vertigo/balance disorders

A

Not ondansetron

can use:
anti-muscarinics e.g. scopolamine
antihistamine e.g. diphenhydramine,
or benzo e.g. lorazepam

24
Q

Waddling

A

Bilateral hip girdle weakness, drops when legs goes out

± Proximal trunk weakness

25
Q

steppage

A

Lesion= weakness of the unilateral or bilateral foot
and/or toe dorsiflexors
Slaps foot to avoid tripping

26
Q

Spastic hemiparetic

A

UMN lesion = arm and leg dysfunction
Arm stiff and flexed
Legs swing out in semi circle

27
Q

Spastic Paraparetic

A

UMN lesion =Both legs dysfunctional
Leg stiff and extended
Scissors gait

28
Q

Ataxic

A

Cerebellar vermis lesion
wide stance
Unstable with feet together

29
Q

Parkinsonian

A

Lesion- bilateral parkinsonianism
Stooped posture, neck flexed
Short, shuffling steps
Turns “on bloc” via many steps

30
Q 
systems: 
hearing
smell
taste
vision
(ipsi; bilateral; contralateral?)
A 
hearing = bilateral
smell = unilateral
taste = unilateral
vision = ipsi then cross chiasm= contralateral hemisphere
31
Q

Utricular macula - function

A

head tilt
or Linear Acceleration

lies in the Horizontal Plane
Hair cells covered by a gelatinous otolithic membrane
otoliths = “ear rocks”

32
Q

Horizontal semicircular canal - function

A

head turns = Rotation in horizontal plane bends hair cells

lie within the horizontal plane

33
Q

normal VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex)

A

stimulation on left = turn away from left = movement toward right

eyes move in equal & opposite direction of head

34
Q

what overrides VOR?

A

prolonged or 180 degree head turns override VOR = vestibular nystagmus

1) prolonged head rotation to right
2) repeated slow VORs to the left,
3) fast & corrective movements to the
right

35
Q

VOR lesion definition

A

same effect as stimulating the side opposite the lesion

lesion on left = stimulation on right= turn away from right = turn toward left

36
Q

bilateral vestibular loss

A

no vestibular function = devastating

severe truncal ataxia

37
Q

loss of balance, which way do you fall?

A

unilateral: fall to lesion side
bilateral: severe unsteadiness

38
Q

feeling “vertigo” spinning

where is the lesion?

A

semicircular canal

39
Q

feeling “vertigo” falling/tilting

where is the lesion?

A

utricle

40
Q

light path

A 
cornea
anterior chamber
pupil
posterior chamber
lens
vitreous body
retinal blood vessels
nerve fiber layer
ganglion / bipolar cells -->

rods & Cones

41
Q

rods

A

night vision/dim lighting (cones are off)

400-500 nm
blue/green -no red (don’t see red at night)
none on fovea

42
Q

cones

A

Color & bright lighting
blue/green/red

density falls outside the fovea

43
Q

color blindness

A

more common in men

red-green blind

44
Q

accomodation / near response
receptors?
what muscle contract and relax?

A

M3 receptors on ciliary muscle contract
zonule fibers relax
lens - become more convex (more spherical)
increased light bending power =
accommodation for close up vision (<20 feet)
medial rectus muscle = eyes converge

45
Q

myopia/near sighted

A

eyeball too long
eye length > focal length
rays focus in front of retina

tx: negative lenses

46
Q

hyperopia/far sighted

A

eyeball too short
eye length < focal length
rays focus behind retina

tx: positive lenses

47
Q

pre-chiasm lesion

A

loss of vision in ipsilateral one eye only

lesion in retina or optic nerve

48
Q

optic chiasm lesion

A

loss of peripheral temporal vision

in each eye

49
Q

post-chiasm lesion

lesion in optic tract or primary visual cortex

A

loss of ipsilateral field in both eyes (homonymous hemianopsia) = both left field gone or both right field gone

50
Q

post-chiasm lesion in temporal projection of vision system

A

visual agnosia = cannot recognize what you see

Loss of top field of vision

51
Q

post-chiasm lesion in parietal projection of vision system

A

loss of spatial recognition = cannot recognize where you see (rare)
loss of bottom vision field

52
Q

central visual pathway

A

1) eye field to contralateral hemisphere
2) optic nerve
3) optic chiasm
4) optic tracts
5) lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
6) optic radiation to primary visual cortex (Occipital lobe)
7) inferior part of field projects to Parietal lobe (spatial sense)
8) superior part of field projects temporal lobe (recognition)
9) Higher visual association areas process input

53
Q

vitamin A deficiency

A

causes loss of rods =

loss of nocturnal activity

Neuro (9 decks)

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