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1st year > Neuro facts > Flashcards

Neuro facts Flashcards

1
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

Pain that arises from actual or threatened damage to non- neuronal tissue and is due to the activation of nociceptors

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2
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion/dysfunction of the nervous system e.g. due to spinal nerve root compression

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3
Q

Where would you find the cell bodies for first order neurones (pain)?

A

DRG or TRG

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4
Q

What factors are released upon tissue damage reduce threshold of pain? What can result?

A

bradykinin & prostaglandin E2. Hyperalgesia

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5
Q

Properties of alpha delta and C fibres?

A

A/C

  1. Myelinated/ unmyelinated
  2. Fast pain, temp, pressure and opposite for C
  3. C fibres are slower and are also responsible for itch
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6
Q

Divisions of the spinothalmic tract (pain)?

A

Lateral –> Pain and temp

Anterior–> Crude touch

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7
Q

What does the insult do in pain reception?

A

Degree of pain is judged and contributes to the subjective aspect of pain perception.

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8
Q

What does the cingulate gyrus do?

A

Emotional response to pain. Linked with process learning and pain so if you burn your hand by touching hot surface you will learn not to do it again.

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9
Q

Difference between analgesia and anaesthesia?

A
  1. Analgesia: the selective suppression of pain with-out effects on consciousness or other sensations
  2. Anaesthesia: the uniform suppression of pain - NO PAIN IS FELT AT ALL, and sometimes consciousness is lost (general anaesthesia)
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10
Q

What do you know about Melzack wall pain gate?

A

states that non-painful input closes the “gate” to painful input, thereby preventing pain sensation from travelling to the somatosensory cortex to be perceived and thus felt

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11
Q

What is the effect of substance P?

A
  1. Peptide neurotransmitter involved in pain transmission

2. Remains bound to receptors for longer time thereby transmitting long-lasting pain

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12
Q

What are the two optic pathways past the LGN?

A
  1. Meyers (inferior retina) so the superior visual field and runs through temporal lobe to visual cortex
  2. Baums in opposite and runs through parietal lobe to get to the visual cortex.
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13
Q

What forms the outer ear (Pinna and ear canal)

A

Pharyngeal arches 1 and 2

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14
Q

What are the two muscles of the middle ear?

A

Tensor tympani and stapedius. These both contract in response to loud sounds by inhibiting the movements of the malleus (acoustic reflex). This is a protective mechanism.

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15
Q

Role of the Eustachian tube?

A

Ventilation of the middle ear space and the drainage of secretions. Also to equalise pressure?
Dysfunction in children can lead to glue ear.

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16
Q

What are the three compartments of the cochlea?

A

Scala tympani, Scala media and Scala vestibuli

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17
Q

Composition of endolymph and perilymph?

A

Endolymph: High K+
Perilymph: Na+

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18
Q

What is the central auditory pathway?

A

E.COLI and I’m Auditory
Eighth nerve, Cochlear nucleus, olive, lateral leminiscus, inferior colliculus.
From the IC it goes to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus. it them travels through the internal capsule to the primary auditory complex in temporal lobe

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19
Q

Innervation of stapedius and tensor tumpani

A

Stap: CN7 and TT: CN5 iii

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20
Q

Which part of the basilar membrane is sensitive to high frequencies?

A

Base of basilar is narrow and stiff so sensitive to high frequencies and vice versa for apex

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21
Q

Contents of the vestibular system?

A

Three semicircular canals and two swellings Utricle and saccule.

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22
Q

What do the semicircular canals measure?

A

Angular acceleration across three planes. Nodding, shaking head and tipping (so that ear touches shoulder)

23
Q

What is nystagmus

A

Nystagmus is a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements. These movements often result in reduced vision and depth perception and can affect balance and coordination. These involuntary eye movements can occur from side to side, up and down, or in a circular pattern.

24
Q

What happens when you pour cold water in the ear

A

Convection currents in the semicircular canals which can lead to nystagmus.

25
Q

What do the utricle and saccule do?

A

Provide information about the linear acceleration relating to the head and about changes to head position in relation to gravity.

26
Q

How does the body use vestibular information?

A
  1. Control of the eye muscles so that the eye can remain fixed on the same point
  2. Reflex mechanism of maintaining upright posture and balance
  3. Proprioception
27
Q

What are otoliths and what do they do?

A

Calcium carbonate crystals that make the gelatinous substance covering stereocilia heavier than the surrounding endolymph. It moves with gravity and moves against the hair cells so that the stereocilia bend and result in AP via CN8.

28
Q

Meyers loop?

A

Inferior portions of the retina (superior visual fields) travel by looping around the temporal lobe to the visual cortex in occipital.

29
Q

Baums loop?

A

Superior portion of the retina and therefore the inferior visual fields , looping superiorly through the parietal lobe to the visual cortex.

30
Q

What is the absolute refractory period

A

No new impulse can start as Na+ channels have not returned to normal as they are either still open or the membrane ha not depolarised yet

31
Q

What two factors determine propagation speeds?

A

Fibre diameter (less internal resistance) and myelination

32
Q

Symptoms of MS

A

(7) Double vision, slurred speech, partial paralysis, tremor, loss in coordination, weakness, sensory numbness

33
Q

What kind of junctions do electrical synapses have?

A

Gaol’s junctions

34
Q

What uptakes excess neurotransmitters at the synapse?

A

Astrocytes which reuptake the excess

35
Q

What is an EPSP and why is it important?

A

In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. This temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential, caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, is a result of opening ligand-gated ion channels.

36
Q

What is an IPSP and why is it important?

A

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential. Negative ions flow into the cell or + ions outside

37
Q

What are the three ways neurotransmitters are health with after?

A

1) Actively transported back into presynaptic axon
2) Diffuse away from the receptor site
3) Enzymatically transformed into inactive substances

38
Q

What are neuromodulators? give examples

A

Neuromodulators can cause change in a synaptic membrane that lasts for a long time. Associated with slower events such a learning and motivation.
Examples: Dopamine, NA, Serotonin

39
Q

What are the two types of ACh receptors?

A

1) nicotinic receptors

2) Muscarinic receptors

40
Q

What is the difference between analgesia and anaesthesia

A

1) Analgesia is the selective suppression of pain without effects on consciousness
2) Anesthesia is the uniform

41
Q

Difference between anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts

A

1) Lateral: Pain and temperature

2) Anterior: Crude touch

42
Q

4 parts of the pain pathway in the brain

A

1) Thalamus: All sensation except olfactory passes through here
2) Insula: Degree of pain is judged (subjective)
3) Cingulate gyrus: Emotional response to pain
4) Periaqueductal grey: Reduction on pre-synaptic neuronal sensitivity

43
Q

What is the Melzack-Wall pain gate?

A

Non painful stimuli closes the gate to painful stimuli therefore preventing pain sensation form reaching the somatosensory cortex.

44
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A
  1. Essential for adaptive behaviour, emotional responsiveness and the ability to learn new responses based on previous experiences (memory)
  2. learning & the regulation and translation of our emotional state into appropriate behaviour
45
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Amygdala
(important in
motivational significant stimuli - related to fear or reward)

46
Q

What is the role of the nucleus acumbens?

A

Brians reward centre and is where the globes pallidus and the putamen meet.

47
Q

How are the structures of the limbic system connected?

A

Papez circuit

48
Q

What does the papez circuit do?

A

Vital for episodic memory consolidation. Damage is associated with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s

49
Q

What are the two inputs of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Mossy fibres (middle peduncle )

2. Climbing fibres Inferior peddle) proprioception and vestibular

50
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A

1) Prosencephalon (forebrain)
2) Mesencephalon (mid brain)
3) rhombencephalon (hind)

51
Q

What are the 2 devisions of the prosencephalon?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

52
Q

Two divisions of the Rhombencephalon?

A

1) Metencephalon

2) Myelencephalon

53
Q

Describe neural tube formation

A

1) Factors secreted form the notochord
2) Neural plate formation
3) Plate broadens and flattens to form the neural groove which fuses to form the neural tube
4) Brain is at the rostral end and the spine is at the caudal end.

54
Q

What are neural crest cells

A

During neural tube isolation a group of cells become isolated. These are called the neural crest cells and go onto form DRG and peripheral components of the ANS

1st year (4 decks)

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