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Neuro > Neuro Exam 1 Random > Flashcards

Neuro Exam 1 Random Flashcards

1
Q

Chiari I

A

Cerebellar Tonsils into foramen magnum –> CSF accumulation in central canal. (hydromyelia)
Syringomyelia
Hydrocephalus
Due to a mesodermal disorder - under development of occipital somites to create small posterior fossa.

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2
Q

Chiari II

A 
associated with myelomeningocele
Cerebral vernus elongation
z kinked medulla
small posterior fossa
due to neural tube not closing properly to lead to collapse and underdevelopment of ventricular system, cerebral herniation, incomplete posterior fossa development.
Detected in utero by AFP
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3
Q

hydraencephaly

A

one entire hemisphere destroyed

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4
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulation of homeostasis

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5
Q

what do neural crest cells expression when they reach final destination

A

cadherins

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6
Q

Dorsal neural crest migration

A

also lateral - under ecterderm to give rise to pigment

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7
Q

Perinatal stroke of term infants

A

Ulegyria - mushroom gyri form due to watershed infarct where crest continues to develop and deep sulci do not.

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8
Q

White or Grey - Nucleus

A

Gray

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9
Q

Chain migration

A

from subventrizular zone migration to form olfactory bulb

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10
Q

Electrotomyography

A

EMG

Needle or surface electrode in skeletal muscle and records membrane potentials

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11
Q

Treatment of myasthenia gravis

A

AChE Inhibitor (pyridostime)
Steroids or azathiopine (immunosuppresion)
Thymectomy
Plasmathoresis

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12
Q

Fornix

A

axon tract - limbic system- memory formation, retrieval of carried information form hippocampus to hypothalamus.

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13
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

EEG
measured EPSP and IPSP on scalp surface to meausre temporal and spatial electrical current summation of pyramidal neurons.

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14
Q

notochordal process

A

hollow tube that fuses with endoderm to form communcation between amniotic sac and yolk sac - neurenteric canal. this regresses.

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15
Q

Lipomyelomeningocele

A

lipoma vrom subcutaneous tissue to dorsal spinal cord.

due to premature separation of ectoderm during neurulation to allow mesenchyme entry and differentiation into fat.

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16
Q

Neural crest

A

arises between neuroectoderm and epidermis. Gives rise to peripheral nervous system, cartialge, pigment,etc

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17
Q

Procencephalon Development

A

Prosencephalic formation
Prosencephalic cleavage
Midline prosencephalic development.
SHH ventrallizing and Gli3 dorsalizing

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18
Q

effect of spinal cord tethering

A

compromised blood flow - dysfunction
pain
UMN symptoms
incontience

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19
Q

Diencephalon

A

derived from prosencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, III ventricle

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20
Q

Down syndrome

A

associated with small brain, small superior temporal gyri, and short frontal lobe.
AD

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21
Q

Anterior commisure purpose

A

connects temporal lobes

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22
Q

function of astrocytes

A

1) maintain ionic equilibrium - Remove K
2) remove and recycle NT
3) Facilitate nutrients from vessels to neurons
4) Local regulation of blood flow
5) BBB
6) physical support
7) glycogen fuel reserve

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23
Q

what is ganglionic eminece

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

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24
Q

Lissencephaly with Cerebellar Hypoplasia

A

Mutation in Reelin. Protein expressed in Cajal retizius cells to tell axons to get off radial glia.

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25
Q

what areas in brain do not have BBB?

A

caudal medulla and hypothalamus

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26
Q

Procencephalic cleavage

A

Forms paired optic vesicles, olfactory bulb and tract (horizontal)
separates teloncephlaon from diencephalon (transverse)
paried cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles (sagittal)

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27
Q

18- FD

A

18- fluorodopa - attaches to L-Dopa

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28
Q

Dorsal signaling in telencephlaon

A

Pax6, Emx1/2

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29
Q

Synapse formation is facilitated by..

A

Growth gown maturing Calcium and SNARE proteins.
Postsyn- increasing receptor density (PSD-95)
Cells must also be aligned properly.

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30
Q

when does axis first start in development?

A

implantation in uteru with ICM in uterus (caudal)

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31
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

part of limbic system

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32
Q

fMRI

A

measures regional change in deoxyhemoglobin concentration
oxyhemoglobin is diamagnetic (no distort)
deoxyhemoglobin is paramagmentic

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33
Q

lateral siganing in telencephalon

A

Gsh2, Dlx1/2

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34
Q

ventral neural crest migration

A

also medial - under dermamyotomes to give rise to seonsory, autonomic, enteric ganglion

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35
Q

Netrin

A

Attractive or repulsive axonal growth signaling for LONG range

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36
Q

Origin of Microglia

A

Mesodermal

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37
Q

calcarine sulcus

A

primary visual cortex

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38
Q

White or Grey - Peduncle

A

White

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39
Q

Telencephalon

A

derived from prosencephalon.

Cerebral hemispheres, white matter, basal nuceli and lateral ventricles

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40
Q

Microcephaly

A

disorder of neuronal proliferation due to genetics, viral exposure, toxin exposure.

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41
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain, does not spli

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42
Q

Subventricular zone

A

secondary ventricular zone that gives rise to olfactory bulb

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43
Q

Grading of germinal matrix

A

1-2 less severe - isoalted to GM or ventricles. Better survival with only mintor neurodevelopmental delays
3-4 more severe with hydrocephalus and hemorrhage into surrounding tissues to cause increased mortality and motor defects

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44
Q

What forms sylvian fissure

A

lateral surface of teloncephlaon

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45
Q

Caudal signaling patterns (RC)

A

Wnts, FGFs, Retinoic Acid

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46
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain, splits into metencephalon and myelencephalon

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47
Q

Purpose of primitive streak

A

forms primitive grovethat epiblast cells migrate into to form the tri layered embryonic disc.

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48
Q

Neurotrophins

A

multifunction

1) cell survival
2) axon outgrowth
3) axonal regeneration
4) selective synpase formation

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49
Q

Tx of CMT

A

no drugs

PT, OT and surgery

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50
Q

hydromyelia

A

dilation of central canal

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51
Q

18 FDG

A

18 fluorodeoxyglucose - measure glucose metabolism

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52
Q

Ventral signaling in telencephalon

A

shh, nkx2.1

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53
Q

Selective synapse elimination

A

reduces polyneuronal innervation based on activity of synapses.
Due to feedback mechanism of neurotrophin release from post synpatic terminal.
Occurs in NMJ, cerebellum, and visual and auditory cortex.

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54
Q

lumbosacral neuropathy

A

pelvic pain and hip flexor weakness.

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55
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory info relay except olfaction

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56
Q

Cerebellar blood supply

A

PICA (medulla and caudal cerebellum)

AICA (rostral pons, superior cerebellum)

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57
Q

Origin of Schwann Cells

A

Neural Crest

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58
Q

Anterior circulation system supplies

A

cerebral hemisphere except medial occipital and inferior temporal

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59
Q

inferior colliculus

A

audtiory system

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60
Q

Ephrins bind to..

A

eph Kinase to cuase chemorepulsoin and topogrpahical map (in visual system)

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61
Q

Anterior Cerebral a. supplies

A

medial face of cortex, orbital

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62
Q

heterotopia

A

areas with discrete out of place neurons and malformed gyri

63
Q

Neurtrophins in axonal growth

A

induce differentiation of processes to provide environment for process expenssion (not pathfinding)

64
Q

Rilozule

A

glutamate antagonist to decrease presynatpic glutamate release and decrease neurotoxicity.

65
Q

White or Grey - Tract

A

White

66
Q

Posterior aspect of neural crest

A

sympathetic NS

67
Q

DWI

A

diffusion weighted imaging

measures diffusivity of H20 and acts as quantitative measure of whit matter tracts

68
Q

White or Grey - Cortex

A

Gray

69
Q

What do swchwann cells produce to promote regneration

A

NGF, fibroblast growth factor, neurotrophins

70
Q

Post-natal developments

A

Increase density, soma size, dendrites.
Myelination
GABA receptors change form being excitatory due to higher ECl concetnraiton in fetal cells. to inhibitory in adults because ECl is lower inside cells.

71
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

loose capillaries

ependyma tight junctions

72
Q

Myelencephalon

A

from rhombencephlaon, gives rise to medulla, and part of IV ventricle

73
Q

Notochord

A

dervied from notochordal process. Solid tube that gives rise to nucleus pulposus in intravertebral discs

74
Q

Cortical Platee stage

A

VZ, Intermediate zone, subplate , cortial plate, marginal zone

75
Q

Posterior circulation system supplies

A

Medial occipital and inferior temporal

76
Q

White or Grey - Funiculus

A

White

77
Q

Position Emission Tomography

A

PET scan

Radionucleotide tracer and measures the decay by positrons annihilating electrons. The photos react with detectors.

78
Q

Origin of Astrocytes

A

Neuroepithelial cells

79
Q

Preplate stage

A

8-9 weeks; Ventricular zone and preplate

80
Q

Netrins bind to

A

DCC to cause hemoattractatng and repulsive, midline crossing, increase cAMP

81
Q

What disorders cause spinal cord tethering

A

Myelomeningocele/Chiarai
Lipomyelomeningocele
Dorsal dermal sinus
Spina Bifida occulta

82
Q

Primary Neurulation

A

notochord inflused by overlying ectoderm with SHH to thicken to form neural plate. this forms the neural groove and eventually neural tube. The fusion betweens centrally in caudal rhombocephalon and moves cranially from optic chiasm. Fusion begins day 22 and ends25-27.

83
Q

Intermediate zone

A

contains neuronal and radial glial processes

84
Q

External Granule

A

secondary ventricular zone that gives rise to cerebellum

85
Q

Semaphorin

A

Repulsive axonal growth for long and short (long due to diffusible cleavage)

86
Q

Mesencephalon gives rise to

A

brainstem - midbrain. and cerebral aquaduct

87
Q

Functional hyperemia

A

increased neuronal activity to increase local blood flow. Regulated by NO and by astrocytes.
Increased activity increases glutamate to activate PLC and DAG to increase AA release. P450 in astrocytes form EET to open Ca dependent K channels and dilation of arteries.

88
Q

Anterior aspect of neural crest

A

enteric NS

89
Q

Types of axonal guidance

A

Attractive, repulsive, long and short range

90
Q

Dentate Gyrus

A

secondary ventricular zone that gives rise to hippocampus

91
Q

Primitive node

A

cells migrade cranially to buccopharyngeal membrane to form notochordal process (primitive notochord).

92
Q

Middle Cerebral a. supplies

A

lateral aspect of frontal, parietal, and temporal

93
Q

Three segments of primary segmentation of neural tube

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencphalon

94
Q

Autonomic neuropathy

A

orthostatic hypotension, diarrhea, impotence, urinary retention

95
Q

prosencephalon

A

gives rise to forebrain. Separates into teloncephalon and diencephalon

96
Q

Non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

obstruction in ventrical system

97
Q

insula

A

feel pain, read disgust on others face, ready body states - hunger, cravings, lust, addiction

98
Q

Hox segmentation is for

A

rhombencephalon segmentation and cranial nerve segmentation

99
Q

CMT

A

inherited sensory and motor neuropathy to cuase distal muscle weakness, sensory doss and deformity.
Mutation in structure and function of myelin sheath.
CMT1 duplicatio of PMP22 on Ch17
Deletion of PMP22 cuases hereditary neuropathy and pressure palsy.

100
Q

Tangential Migration

A

dispersed; migration of inhibitory GABA interneurons

101
Q

Chondorntin Sulfate Proteoglycan

A

released by oligodendrocytes to inhibit axonal grow

102
Q

White or Grey - Body

A

Gray

103
Q

Tenorium cerebelli -

A

houses the transverse sinus

104
Q

Secondary neurulation

A

28-32 days

caudal cell mass is an polypotent cell aggregate that dros and forms conus medullaris and filum terminale.

105
Q

Semaphorins bind to

A

neuropilins and plexins to cause chemorepulsion

106
Q

Periventricular heterotopia

A

mutation in Filamin A - actin cross linking protien
mutation getting on radial glia
differentiated neurons in ventricular zone.

107
Q

Cerebellum

A

motor learning and coordination

108
Q

Short range repulsive axonal growth

A

semaphorin (cell surface), ephrin, ECM: tenascin

109
Q

Teloncephalic development

A

signaling gives rise to cerebral crotex, ganglionic eminence, basal forebrain and diencephalon

110
Q

Subplate

A

neurons are the oldest, pioneers and are transient. 100% death.

111
Q

Nodal

A

signal that implanting tophoblasts release to create gradient of low nodal cranially and high nodal caudally. Nodal cause epiblast proliferation to form pirimtive streak and node.

112
Q

Gene for CMT1

A

PMP22 on Ch17 duplication

113
Q

Pachygyris

A

too large of gyri

114
Q

Vertebral a. supplies

A

medial occipital and inferior temporal

115
Q

Cadherin - axonal growth

A

binds to Cadherin to cause outgrowth and Ca dependent adhesion

116
Q

Magnetoencephalography

A

MEG

Magnetic fields influenced by electrical current flux, perpendicular vs. parallel give different orientation.

117
Q

Polymicroglia

A

too many gryi due to thin cortex

118
Q

what underlies the uncus?

A

amygdala

119
Q

Migration in spinal cord

A

neural progenitors stay near ventricular zone and are differentiated based on Dorsal/ventral axis. SHH - ventrally is motor neurons (basal plate)
BMP is extressed dorsally (laterally o neural plate) to give rise to DRG and sensory in Alar plate (dorsal)

120
Q

diagnostic tests for Muscular dystrophy

A

increased serum CK
fibrosis, degeneration, and opaque fibers on muscle biopsy
DNA testing

121
Q

Secondary neurulation disorder

A

sacrococcygeal teratoma

122
Q

Neutrophins - cell survival

A

NGF, BDNF, NF3 NF4/5
React with Tropymyosin related kinase (TrK) to phosphorylate cytoplasmic domains to activate Ras, PI3K and PLC. –> inhibit apoptosis
Or react with P75NTR - a tumor necrosis factor that inhibits cell survival.

123
Q

CAMs

A

bind to CAMs, NCAM, L1 to cuase CA independent adhesion, outgrowth and fasciculation

124
Q

Foramen of monroe

A

connects lateral ventricles to III. Also intraventricular foramen

125
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

houses the superior and inferior sagittal sinus

126
Q

Cell surface signals for axonal growth

A

CAMs and Cadherins - Short attractive for axonal growth

127
Q

Development of cerebellum

A

starts on dorsal aspect of pons that enlarges laterally to form Rhombic Lip that forms the cerebellum and envelopes the 4th ventricle.
Subventricular cell proliferation migrates to form external granular layer of cerebellum .

128
Q

Superior colliculus

A

auditory and visual maps of space

129
Q

P75NTR

A

TNF derivative that binds with neurotrophins to inhibit cell survival.

130
Q

White or Grey - Lemniscus

A

White

131
Q

Tx of Muscular dystrphy

A 
rehab
spinal fusion
assistive cough and breathing
steroids to slow progression initially.
Genetic: increase dystrophin by virus or stem cells
antisense mRNA for exon skipping of stop codon
stop codon reading medications
increase utrophin (a related protein)
132
Q

ALS

A

Anterior horn disorder of upper and lower motor neurons.
progressive weakness and hyperreflexia.
Treatment is Rilozule and symptomatic treatment

133
Q

Event Related Potentials

A

ERPs

EEG measuring repeated stimulus delivery

134
Q

Schizencephaly

A

cleft from ventricular zone to pia

135
Q

White or Grey - Fasciculus

A

White

136
Q

Lissencephaly

A

Double cortex. Mutation in LS1 or DCX that are involved in MT organization.
Can’t stay on radial glia.

137
Q

Collagen, Laminin, fibronectin - axonal growth

A

bind to Integrins to cause local attractive and repulsive signals

138
Q

syringomyelia

A

CSF filled cyst that separates central canal and dissects into the cord. Leads to loss of anterior white commisure and lead to cape like loss of pain or temperature.

139
Q

White or Grey - Ganglion

A

Gray

140
Q

Ependyma

A

leaky, single layer of cells lining ventricles so CSF can escape freely

141
Q

Syrinx

A

cyst in the spinal canal

142
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

disorder of interaction between notochord and forebrain.
Prosencephalon fails to separate properly to form Alobar, semilobar, or lobar.
Leads to corresponding facial deformities.
Due to SHH mutations, trisomy 13

143
Q

Axon pathfinding

A

presynpatic terminal with filipodia sense signals in ECM to change intracellulr cytoskeltal for growth and retraction

144
Q

Neurotrophic hypothesis

A

released from pre, post, nonneuronal cells and release neurotrophins to promote neuronal survival.

145
Q

H2-15O

A

radionucleotide tracer that measures water distribtution

146
Q

Proencephaly

A

unilateral holes in brain due to stroke

147
Q

Dandy walker malformation

A

cystic structure that leads to partial or complete absence of cerebellar vermis, dilation of IV ventricle, enlarged posterior fossa and hydrocephalus
Occurs sporadically and not associated with neural tube defect or folate deficiency.
Treatment is shunt of ventricles and cyst

148
Q

Cranial siganling pattern (RC)

A

Cerebrus, dickkpof

149
Q

communicating hydrocephalus

A

build up in subarachnoid space. can’t reabsorb the CSF

150
Q

Diabetic neuropathy

A

sensory and motor distal polyneuroapthy, non inherited.
autonomic neuropathy
mononeuropathy
lumosacral plexopathy

151
Q

Germinal matrix hemorrhage

A

preterm infants

blood supplys deep periventricular, subependymal germinal matrix (at 32-34 weeks this involutes)

152
Q

What signals the migratory path of neural crest cells?

A

Laminin, fibronectin

153
Q

Risk factors for Germinal matrix hemorrhage

A

preterm, low birth weight, immature lungs, hypercapnia, acidosis

154
Q

Metencephalon

A

from rhombencephalon, gives rise to pons, cerebellum and part of IV ventricle.

Neuro (5 decks)

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