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Semester 1 > Neuro essentials > Flashcards

Neuro essentials Flashcards

1
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory nerve

Sensory

Lies in the forebrain

Exits skull at cribiform plate

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2
Q

CNII

A

Optic nerve (vision)

Lies in the forebrain

Exits at the optic canal

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3
Q

CNIII

A

Oculomotor nerve

Motor: general somatic - innervate extraocular muscles (superior, medial, inferior rectus, levator palprae superioris)

Parasympathetic: general visceral - synapses with ciliary ganglion, pupillary constriction, lens accommodation)

Nuclei (emerges from) the midbrain

Exits skull at superior orbital fissure

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4
Q

CNIV

A

Trochlear nerve.

Motor: Innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye.

Emerges from the midbrain

Only cranial nerve that dessucates. Fibres pass around the periaqueductal grey matter to the eye.

Exits skull via superior orbital fissure

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5
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal nerve

Sensory: Sensation of the face, mouth, anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Motor: muscles of mastication

Emerges from the middle of the pons

V1: exits at superior orbital fissure
V2: Foramen rotundum
V3: exits foramen ovale

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6
Q

CNVI

A

Abducent nerve

innervates lateral rectus muscle of the eye

Nuclei lies in the pons

Exits skull via superior orbital fissure

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7
Q

CNVII

A

Facial nerve

Sensory: external auditory meatus and taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue

Motor: Muscles of facial expression, stapeidus muscle and part of digastric muscle

Parasympathetic: Lacrimal glands and salivatory glands (except parotid)

Exits skull at stylomastoid foramen

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8
Q

CNVIII

A

Vestibulocochlear (balance and hearing)

Nuclei on lateral part of the pons

Exits skull via the auditory canal

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9
Q

CN[IX]

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Sensory: Sensation from the EAM, Middle ear, pharynx and posterior 1/3 of the tongue. Taste from posterior 1/3 of the tongue. Chemoreceptors and baroreceptors from carotid bodies

Motor: stylopharyngeus

Parasympathetic: parotid gland

Nuclei in the medulla. Exits skull via jugular foramen

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10
Q

CN[X]

A

Vagus nerve

Sensory: Sensation from pharynx, infratentorial meninges and region near external auditory meatus. Taste from epiglottis and pharynx and chemo and baroreceptor information from aortic arch

Motor: Pharyngeal and laryngeal musculature

Parasympathetic: Innervation of heart, lungs and gastric system (upper 2/3)

Arises from the medulla, exits skull via the jugular foramen

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11
Q

CN[XI]

A

Accessory nerve

Motor: Innervate sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Fibres converge and ascend through the foramen magnum and exits the skull via the jugular foramen.

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12
Q

CN[XII]

A

Hypoglossal nerve

Innervates muscles of the tongue

Exits via the hypoglossal canal

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13
Q

Dysfunction of the nervous system can manifest as

A

Loss- sensation or function Gain- appearance of a new feature e.g. Twitch, squint Change- alteration in behaviour/personality or changes in perception

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14
Q

Dysfunction of the nervous system can occur through

A

Damage through trauma or disease Transmitter dysfunction Effector organ dysfunction

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15
Q

Motor region of brain

A

Frontal lobe

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16
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory region

17
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual region

18
Q

Language region of the brain

A

Temporal lobe

19
Q

Limbic system

A

Learning and memory

20
Q

Transmitters of the sympathetic system

A

Preganglionic - Ach Postganglionic - Ach & Nor

21
Q

Transmitters of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Per and postganglionic - Ach

22
Q

Organisation of motor control

A

Cortical regions - planning and control Cerebellum and basal ganglia - fine tuning, corrections Descending tracts - control of reflexes Lower motor neurons - final common pathway

23
Q

Precentral gurus

A

Primary motor cortex: controls voluntary movements of the body

24
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Primary sensory cortex: site of sensory integration from the ody

25
Q

Brodmann’s areas

A

Regions of the brain that can be defined according to their cerebral structure

26
Q

Function of the CSF

A

Provides support, cushioning, transport

27
Q

Features of sympathetic nervous response

A

“Fight of flight” responses Increased heart rate and blood pressure Decreased gut motility and relaxes bladder Relaxes bronchi Dilates pupils Inhibits salivation and tears Directs blood flow to voluntary muscles

28
Q

Feature of parasympathetic response

A

Decreases heart rate and blood pressure Increases gut motility Contracts bronchi Stimulates digestion Contracts bladder Constricts pupil Stimulates salivation and tears Eliminates ingested food and water

29
Q

Define dermatome

A

Area of skin innervated by dorsal roots of single spinal segment. Dermatomal map used clinically to determine and identify spinal segment damage

30
Q

Cerebellum

A

Sequencing and coordination of movement

31
Q

Brainstem

A

Control of vital life-preserving primitive functions such as breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure

32
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Personality, reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, problem solving

33
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of the PNS that controls involuntary actions

34
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of PNS that controls voluntary movement

35
Q

Drug that activates the sympathetic nervous system

A

Activates epinephrine

36
Q

Antagonist of peripheral nervous system

A

Atropine

37
Q

Action of beta blockers

A

Oppose sympathetic nervous system by blocking beta-type adrenoreceptors.

38
Q

Describe the knee jerk reflex

A

Striking the patella ligament stretches the quadriceps (extensor) muscle.

Sensory neurons rely information back to the spinal cord (L4), This produces an efferent impulse in motor neurons that supply the quadriceps femoris, causing it to contract.

Sensory neurons also synapse with interneurons that inhibit motor neurons supplying the hamstring muscle which causes it to relax. This jerks the lower leg up.

Semester 1 (38 decks)

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