Neuro Disorders

Question 1

Parkinson’s Disease (what is it)

Answer 1

progressive degenerative disorder of DOPAMINE secreting neurons that control muscle movement

Question 2

Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 2

Overstimulation of muscles (too much acetycholine, not enough dopamine), muscles can’t relax

Question 3

Types of Parkinson’s Disease (2)

Answer 3

Primary- idiopathic

Secondary- infection, trauma, tumor, atherosclerosis, toxins

Question 4

S/S of Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 4

resting tremor (pill rolling), Bradykinesia (slow), Rigidity (leadpipe/cogwheel), Postural Dysfunction (gait/falls), Micrographia (small handwriting), hypomimia (no facial expression), Autonomic dysfunction

Question 5

Tx for Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 5

Dopaminergic
ANTIcholinergics
Surgery
Physical Therapy

Question 6

Epilepsy (what is it)

Answer 6

brain susceptible to reoccurring seizures; abnormal electrical discharge of neurons

Question 7

Types of Epilepsy

Answer 7

Primary- Idiopathic

Secondary- structural changes and metabolic alterations

Question 8

Dx of Epilepsy

Answer 8

CT, MRI, EEG, X-ray, Serum chemistries

Question 9

Partial seizures (2)

Answer 9

affects one side of brain, 1. Simple Jacksonian- don’t lose consiousness
2. Complex- lose consciousness

Question 10

Pathology of Epilepsy

Answer 10

brain neurons are hyperexitable and fire more rapidly when stimulated

Question 11

Tx of Epilepsy

Answer 11

Medication, Surgery, Vagal nerve stimulation, Counseling

Question 12

Generalized Seizure (4)

Answer 12

affects both sides of brain

1. Petit Mal
2. Myoclonic
3. Tonic Clonic/Grand Mal
4. Atonic

Question 13

Status Epilepticus

Answer 13

medical emergency, continuous seizure, life threatening

Question 14

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)- what is it

Answer 14

Demylenation of white matter on brain/spinal cord; affects cortiospinal, brain stem, cerebellar, and cerebral areas; caused by autoimmune disorder (antibodies attack neurons in CNS)

Question 15

Types of MS (4)

Answer 15

1. relapse/remitting- does not worsen in between
2. primary
3. secondary- worsens between attacks
4. progressive relapsing

Question 16

Pathology of MS

Answer 16

nerve fiber loss–> slow neural impulses, swelling, edema

Question 17

S/S of MS

Answer 17

Ocular disturbances
Sensory impairment
Muscle dysfunction
Urinary disturbances
Bowel disturbances
Fatigue
Speech problems

Question 18

Secondary Complications of MS

Answer 18

• Injuries from falls
• Urinary tract infection
• Constipation
• Joint contractures
• Pressure ulcers
• Rectal distention
• Pneumonia
• Insomnia

Question 19

Teritary Complications of MS

Answer 19

depression, loss of social support, family stress, financial/employment issues

Question 20

Tx for MS

Answer 20

Immunosupressant therapy, antiviral drugs, SQ immune substance interferon beta; educaiton, bladder training, sexual function, stress management

Question 21

Myathenia Gravis -what is it

Answer 21

disorder of transmission at neuromuscular junction; more common in women

Question 22

Pathology of Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 22

big muscle weakness, autoimmune destruction of Acetylchoine receptors, S/S get worse throughout day

Question 23

S/S of Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 23

Ptosism weak arms/legs, difficulty breathing, chewing, swallowing, speech, blurred vision, chronic muscle fatigue; need ventilation in times of crisis

Question 24

Dx of Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 24

Antocholinesterase test, nerve/muscle stimulation, test for acetycholine receptor antibodies

Question 25

Tx of Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 25

Anti-cholinesterase drugs, Immunosuppressants, Corticosteroids, Plasmapheresis, IV Immunoglobulins, Thymectomy