Neuro Diseases

Question 1

Neuropathic pain

Answer 1

1. Post-herpetic neuralgia - Herpes zoster will infect nerve and hide from immune system but can flare up with stress
2. Diabetic neuropathy - main cause = hyperglycemia damages nerve
3. Phantom limb pain - nerves trying to grow back in stump hit a wall which causes pain

Question 2

Central sensitization

Answer 2

In people which chronic inflammation leads to increased duration, intensity, and painful area through:

1. A-beta fibers sprout into lamina I and II causing pain
2. Over expression of ion channels
3. A-beta fibers produce inflammatory mediators
4. Ectopic discharge (generation of AP withotu charge)
5. Reducation in effectiveness of inhibitory synapses (GABA interneurons)

Question 3

Peripheral sensitization

Answer 3

Consequence of synaptic plasticity, chronic inflammation leads to easier activation of sensory fibers through:

1. Increased expression of inflammatory NT
2. Phosphorylation channels reduce AT
3. Persistent activation of endogenous inflammatory mediators

Question 4

Windup

Answer 4

When spinal neurons are subjected to repeat or high-intensity nociceptive impulses, they become progressively and increasingly excitable even after stimulus removed, leads to chronic pain

Question 5

Gat Theory

Answer 5

When you massage a sore area, A-beta sensory fibers stimulate GABA inhibiting C fibers transmission of pain

Question 6

Central Inhibition

Answer 6

Descending response from brain to periphery, serotonin and norepinephrine released - rhythmic movements release 5-HT (serotonin)

Question 7

Pain relieving effect of stress

Answer 7

Very high stress leads to activation of descending pathways, local opiod release in the dorsal horn of spinal cord - activated Gi/o receptor, AMP/c production block, decreased neuronal activation

Question 8

Neuroendocrine effects

Answer 8

Hormone impact various systems

Question 9

Systemic reflex

Answer 9

Synapse of sensory fibers in spinal cord activating second neuron to signal brain and immediately activate interneurons and motor neurons in spinal cord then motor neurons feed immediately back to muscle to induce contraction

Question 10

Hyperalgesia

Answer 10

Increased pain to painful stimulus

Question 11

Allodynia

Answer 11

Pain triggered by stimulus that is normally painless