Multiple Choice Practice Flashcards
What cell type is particularly susceptible to damage during chemotherapy?
a) Enteric neurons
b) Interstitial cells of Cajal
c) Enterocytes
d) Commensal bacteria
e) Vascular endothelium
c) Enterocytes
What regulates lower esophageal sphincter tone?
a) Myogenic tone
b) Autonomic nervous system
c) Hormonal signaling
d) Immune system
e) Endocrine system
a) Myogenic tone
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter?
a) GABA
b) Glutamate
c) Serotonin
d) Dopamine
e) Acetylcholine
b) Glutamate
What is neurogenic inflammation triggered by?
a) Activation of sensory nerve fibers
b) Cytokine release
c) Immune cell activation
d) Hormonal imbalance
e) Tissue repair mechanisms
a) Activation of sensory nerve fibers
What are the 4 main modalities of the somatosensory system?
a) Vision, hearing, taste, smell
b) Touch, proprioception, thermal sensation, pain
c) Balance, coordination, movement, posture
d) Memory, emotion, cognition, consciousness
e) Hormonal regulation, metabolic control, growth, development
b) Touch, proprioception, thermal sensation, pain
What is the purpose of acute pain?
a) Warn the host of potential danger
b) Indicate chronic health conditions
c) Enhance immune response
d) Facilitate tissue repair
a) Warn the host of potential danger
What type of neurotransmitter is released in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?
a) Glutamate
b) GABA
c) Serotonin
d) Nitric oxide
e) Dopamine
d) Nitric oxide
What are the origins of chronic pain?
a) Idiopathic, inflammatory, neuropathic
b) Acute, subacute, persistent
c) Muscular, skeletal, neurological
d) Visceral, somatic, cutaneous
e) Endocrine, autoimmune, infectious
a) Idiopathic, inflammatory, neuropathic
Which of the following is not a symptom of thiamine deficiency?
a) Short-term memory loss
b) Weakness
c) Heart failure
d) Peripheral neuropathy
e) Anemia
e) Anemia
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?
a) Glutamate
b) GABA
c) Serotonin
d) Dopamine
e) Acetylcholine
b) GABA
What is the main mediator implicated in pain due to IBS?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Histamine
c) GLP-1
d) Serotonin
e) b and d
e) b and d
Blocking the actions of which mediator or signaling pathway would not be expected to reduce IBD severity?
a) TNF alpha
b) IL-23
c) TGF beta
d) Alpha 4 beta 7 integrin
e) JAK
e) JAK
What are the accessory digestive organs?
a) Esophagus, stomach, small intestine
b) Liver (gallbladder), salivary glands, exocrine pancreas
c) Large intestine, rectum, anus
d) Tongue, teeth, salivary glands
e) Appendix, spleen, kidneys
b) Liver (gallbladder), salivary glands, exocrine pancreas
Where does the majority of absorption occur in the GI tract?
a) Stomach
b) Small intestine
c) Large intestine
d) Rectum
e) Esophagus
b) Small intestine
What is the purpose of segmentation in the digestive system?
a) To propel food along the GI tract
b) To mix food with digestive enzymes
c) To absorb nutrients from food
d) To regulate pH levels in the stomach
e) To store food temporarily
b) To mix food with digestive enzymes
What is the process of vomiting?
a) Reverse peristalsis followed by relaxation of LES
b) Relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter followed by peristalsis
c) Increased contraction of the stomach muscles followed by relaxation of the pyloric sphincter
d) Glottis closes, LES relaxes, reverse peristaltic waves, and abdominal muscles contract
e) Decreased secretion of gastric acid followed by relaxation of the pyloric sphincter
d) Glottis closes, LES relaxes, reverse peristaltic waves, and abdominal muscles contract
What are the 2 main physiological roles of pain?
a) To protect tissues from damage and to regulate body temperature
b) To induce sleep and to enhance memory formation
c) To facilitate movement and to regulate blood pressure
d) To detect danger and to elicit an appropriate response
e) To promote digestion and to regulate hormone level
d) To detect danger and to elicit an appropriate response
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT involved in central sensitization?
a) Reduction in inhibitory synapses
b) Sprouting of new synapses between Aβ and C fibers
c) Overexpression of new ion channels
d) Activation of descending pain pathways
e) Genesis of ectopic discharge
d) Activation of descending pain pathways
What is the primary cause of pain in post-herpetic neuralgia?
a) Chronic inflammation of the skin
b) Nerve damage caused by the herpes zoster virus
c) Overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system
d) Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system
e) Loss of proprioceptive feedback from affected nerves
b) Nerve damage caused by the herpes zoster virus
What is the term for the phenomenon where touch is perceived as painful due to abnormal sprouting of nerve fibers?
a) Hyperalgesia
b) Allodynia
c) Paresthesia
d) Dysesthesia
e) Neuralgia
b) Allodynia
Which condition is characterized by delayed emptying of the stomach contents into the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and early satiety?
a) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
b) Achalasia
c) Gastroparesis
d) Acute pancreatitis
c) Gastroparesis
What is the primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
a) Exposure of esophagus to gastric juice (heartburn)
b) Weakness or relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
c) Infection with Helicobacter pylori
d) Overuse of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
a) Exposure of esophagus to gastric juice (heartburn)
Achalasia is characterized by:
a) Excessive acid secretion in the stomach
b) Impaired peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax
c) Chronic inflammation of the esophageal lining
d) Rapid emptying of the stomach contents into the small intestine
b) Impaired peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax
Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, leading to severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting?
a) Gastroparesis
b) Achalasia
c) Acute pancreatitis
d) Cirrhosis
a) Gastroparesis
Cirrhosis is most commonly caused by:
a) Chronic alcohol abuse
b) Infection with hepatitis B virus
c) Autoimmune hepatitis
d) Celiac disease
a) Chronic alcohol abuse
Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of:
a) Gallstones in the gallbladder
b) Stones in the common bile duct
c) Stones in the pancreas
d) Stones in the liver
b) Stones in the common bile duct
Celiac disease is characterized by:
a) Inflammation of the colon and rectum
b) Impaired absorption of nutrients due to gluten intolerance
c) Excessive production of stomach acid
d) Infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
b) Impaired absorption of nutrients due to gluten intolerance
What is the correct order for the stages of pain transmission?
a) Transmission, transduction, modulation, perception
b) Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
c) Modulation, transmission, transduction, perception
d) Transmission, modulation, perception, transduction
b) Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
Which ion channel is primarily activated by heat, resulting in the sensation of warmth or burning pain?
a) TRPV1
b) TRPM8
c) Piezo
d) TRPA1
a) TRPV1
Activation of TRPM8 channels by menthol results in the sensation of:
a) Cold
b) Heat
c) Pressure
d) Sourness
a) Cold
Which ion channel is directly activated by mechanical pressure or deformation of the cell membrane?
a) TRPV1
b) TRPM8
c) Piezo
d) TRPA1
c) Piezo
Piezo channels are primarily involved in the perception of:
a) Heat
b) Cold
c) Mechanical touch
d) Chemical irritants
c) Mechanical touch
Which of the following substances is NOT known to activate TRPA1 channels?
a) Capsaicin
b) Mustard oil
c) Allyl isothiocyanate (found in wasabi)
d) Formalin
c) Allyl isothiocyanate (found in wasabi)
Which part of the neuron relays signals to the cell body?
a) Cell body
b) Dendrites
c) Axon
d) Presynaptic terminals
b) Dendrites
