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NEUROLOGY > Neuro: Chapter 2; Structural and Functional Organization > Flashcards

Neuro: Chapter 2; Structural and Functional Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What protects the Spinal cord?

A

Vertebral column, vertebral ligaments, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater and Pia Mater

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3
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located in the meninges?

A

Between the Arachnoid mater and pia mater and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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4
Q

How long is the spinal cord and where does it extend from?

A

16 to 18 inches

From the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra

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5
Q

Which two grooves divide the spinal cord into 2 hemispheres?

A

Anterior Median Fissure

Posterior Median Sulcus

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6
Q

In the spinal cord, where is the white and gray matter located?

A

White matter surrounds a “H shaped” gray matter

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7
Q

How many pairs of nerves are in the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

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8
Q

What are 2 bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord?

A

Roots

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9
Q

Which root contains sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors (afferent)?

A

Posterior Dorsal Root

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10
Q

Which root contains axons of motor neurons (autonomic and somatic) which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors (efferent)?

A

Anterior Ventral Root

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11
Q

What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Serves as highways for nerve impulses

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12
Q

What is the function of gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information and is a site for integration of reflexes

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13
Q

How many regions is the gray matter subdivided into?

A

3 subdivisions, left and right;

Anterior, Posterior and Lateral Horns

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14
Q

Which horn contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons?

A

Posterior Horn

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15
Q

Which horn contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for contraction of muscles?

A

Anterior Ventral Horn

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16
Q

Which horn is only present in the thoracic and upper lumber segments and contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons?

A

Lateral gray horn

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17
Q

Which matter contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neuroglia?

A

Gray Matter

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18
Q

Which matter consists of myelinated axons and is organized into columns?

A

White Matter

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19
Q

Which tract in the white matter consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain?

A

Sensory Tract (ascending)

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20
Q

Which tract in the white matter consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses away from the brain?

A

Motor tract (descending)

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21
Q

What has a fast involuntary sequence of actions in response to stimuli?

A

Reflexes

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of reflexes?

A
  1. Spinal Reflex: Simple (reflex arc) (patellar reflex)

2. Cranial Reflex: Simple, occurs in the brainstem (gag reflex)

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23
Q

Which system are the spinal nerves a part of?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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24
Q

How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves broken down?

A 
8 pairs of cervical
12 pairs of thoracic
5 pairs of lumbar
5 pairs of sacral
1 pair of coccyx
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25
How are the spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord?
Anterior (motor) and posterior (sensory) roots
26
What are the individual axons wrapped in?
Endoneurium
27
What are groups of axons arranged in?
Bundles called Fascicles
28
What are the Fascicles wrapped in?
Perineurium
29
What is the entire nerve wrapped in?
Epineurium
30
Many spinal nerve branches join axons from adjacent nerves to form networks called?
Plexuses
31
What parts of the body does the cervical plexus supply?
Posterior head, neck and upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm (C3, C4, and C5)
32
What nerve is responsible for innervating the diaphragm to contract?
Phrenic Nerve
33
What parts of the body does the Brachial plexus supply?
Upper Limbs, Some neck and shoulder muscles | C5 to T1
34
What parts of the body does the Lumbar plexus supply?
Abdominal wall, external genitals, and parts of the lower limbs (L1-L4)
35
What parts of the body does the Sacral plexus supply?
Buttocks, Perineum, and most of the lower limbs | L4-S4
36
What structures protect the brain?
``` Cranium (skull) Cranial Meninges (Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) ```
37
How much of the body's oxygen supply does the brain require?
20%
38
How long can a brain be deprived of oxygen before it leads to permanent damage?
4 or more mins
39
What structure is a circulatory anastomosis taht supplies blood to brain and surrounding structures?
Circle of Willis
40
What two internal carotid arteries make up the Circle of Willis?
Right and Left Internal Carotid Artery
41
What protects the brain from lipid soluble materials?
The Blood Brain Barrier
42
What can break down the blood brain barrier?
Trauma, Certain Toxins and inflammation
43
What is a clear, colorless liquid that cushions the brain, carries oxygen, glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and removes waste?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
44
Where is CSF produced?
In the Choroid Plexuses, located in the brain
45
Where is CSF reabsorbed?
Into the blood through the Arachnoid Villi
46
What are the major parts of the brain?
1. Brain Stem 2. Diencephalon 3. Cerebellum 4. Cerebrum
47
Which one of the major parts of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord and contains the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain?
Brain Stem
48
Which one of the major parts of the brain is superior to the brain stem and contains the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland?
Diencephalon
49
Which one of the major parts of the brain means "little brain" and lies posterior and inferior?
Cerebellum
50
Which one of the major parts of the brain is the largest and most superior part?
Cerebrum
51
Inferior part of the brain stem, a continuation of the spine
Medulla Oblongata
52
Part of the brain where gray matter contains nuclei where neurons form synapses with one another. - Cardiovascular center regulates the rate and force of the heart and the diameter of the vessels - Medullary rhythmicity area regulates breathing
Medulla Oblongata
53
Nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception lie in the posterior part of the medulla - Contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves VIII - XII
Medulla Oblongata
54
"Bridge for the medulla and midbrain to connect
PONS
55
- Contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts - Connects left and right sides of the brain - Contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves V - VIII
PONS
56
Contains the pons to the diencephalon | - Connects nuclei associated with cranial nerves III and IV
Midbrain
57
Large tracts that contain axons of motor neurons from cerebrum to rest of the brainstem and spinal cord
Cerebral Peduncles (Midbrain)
58
Loss of these neurons related to Parkinson Disease
Substantia Nigra (Midbrain)
59
Coordinates muscular movement
Red nuclei (Midbrain)
60
Involved in scanning eye movement and responses to visual stimuli
Superior colliculi (Midbrain)
61
Response to auditory input and startle reflex
Inferior Colliculi (Midbrain)
62
Three major regions of the Diencephalon
1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Pineal Gland (part of the endocrine system)
63
Major sensory relay center, contributes to motor functions, plays role in consciousness
Thalamus (part of the Diencephalon)
64
Control of the Pituitary and hormone production - Control and integration of the ANS - Regulation of emotional and behavior patterns - Regulation of eating and drinking - Control of body temperature - Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep and awakening patterns
Hypothalamus ( part of the Diencephalon)
65
Secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body's biological clock
Pineal Gland
66
Posterior to the medulla and pons, inferior to cerebrum and attached to brain stem by cerebellar peduncles
Cerebellum
67
Structure: - Two Cerebellar Hemispheres - Cerebellar Cortex (Gray Matter) - Tree Like Appearance
Cerebellum
68
Functions: - Receives wide range of sensory input from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes, equilibrium receptors in ears and eyes - Compares actual movements with intended ones - Helps to smooth and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions - Helps execute skilled motor activities - Regulates posture and balance essential for skilled motor activities
Cerebellum
69
Structure: Longitudinal Fissure Corpus Callosum Cerebrum Layers
Cerebrum
70
What divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal Fissure
71
Broad band of white matter containing axons that connects the right and left spheres internally
Corpus Callosum
72
Assists in motor control, emotions, behavior executive function (cognitive processes)
Basal Ganglia
73
What are the folds of the cerebrum called?
Gyri (gyrus)
74
What are the shallow grooves of the Cerebrum called?
Sulci (Sulcus)
75
What is the superficial gray matter in the Cerebrum called?
Cortex
76
How many lobes are there in each hemisphere of the cerebrum?
Four 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Temporal 4. Occipital
77
What separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the Cerebrum?
Central Sulcus
78
Where is the primary motor area in the cerebrum located?
in the Precentral Gyrus (Anterior to the Central Sulcus
79
Where is Primary somatosensory area of the cerebrum located?
In the 'Postcentral Gyrus (Posterior to the Central Sulcus)
80
- Sensory areas receive input, leading to perception - Motor areas initiate movements - Association areas deal with integrative functions like memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality and intelligence
Cerebral Cortex
81
Where is the primary visual area located?
`Occipital Lobe
82
Where is the primary auditory area located?
Temporal Lobe
83
Where is the primary gustatory (taste) area located?
Base of Postcentral Gyrus
84
Where is the Primary olfactory (smell) area located?
Medial Aspect of the Temporal Lobe
85
Where is the Primary Motor area of the Central Cortex located?
In the Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe in each hemisphere
86
Where is Broca's Speech area located in the Cerebral Cortex?
Located in the left hemisphere in 97% of persons
87
What area of the Central Cortex is responsible for Complex integration, memory, emotion, reasoning and judgement?
Association Areas
88
Where is the association area located?
adjacent to sensory and motor areas and connected via association tracts
89
What area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for storage of memories of past sensory experiences?
Somatosensory association area
90
What area of the cerebral cortex that generates nerve impulses causing a specific group of muscles to contract in a specific sequence?
Premotor area
91
Ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon - Called the "emotional brain" Plays a primary role in pain, pleasure, anger, affection and behavior
Limbic System
92
Controls the nervous system's involuntary behavior related to survival?
Limbic System
93
Which hemisphere is responsible for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills and reasoning?
Left hemisphere
94
Which hemisphere of the brain is more involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of language, generating images of sight, sound taste and smell
Right Hemisphere
95
Memory involves which association areas?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal Lobes, Parts of the Limbic System and Basal Ganglia
96
Skill memory involves which part of the brain?
Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
97
What are the 3 Deep Gray Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) called?
1. Globus Pallidus 2. Putamen 3. Caudate Nucleus
98
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Occulomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Spinal Accessory 12. Hypoglossal

NEUROLOGY (5 decks)

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