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NEUROLOGY > Neuro: Chapter 2; Structural and Functional Organization > Flashcards

Neuro: Chapter 2; Structural and Functional Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What protects the Spinal cord?

A

Vertebral column, vertebral ligaments, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater and Pia Mater

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3
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located in the meninges?

A

Between the Arachnoid mater and pia mater and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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4
Q

How long is the spinal cord and where does it extend from?

A

16 to 18 inches

From the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra

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5
Q

Which two grooves divide the spinal cord into 2 hemispheres?

A

Anterior Median Fissure

Posterior Median Sulcus

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6
Q

In the spinal cord, where is the white and gray matter located?

A

White matter surrounds a “H shaped” gray matter

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7
Q

How many pairs of nerves are in the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

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8
Q

What are 2 bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord?

A

Roots

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9
Q

Which root contains sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors (afferent)?

A

Posterior Dorsal Root

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10
Q

Which root contains axons of motor neurons (autonomic and somatic) which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors (efferent)?

A

Anterior Ventral Root

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11
Q

What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Serves as highways for nerve impulses

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12
Q

What is the function of gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information and is a site for integration of reflexes

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13
Q

How many regions is the gray matter subdivided into?

A

3 subdivisions, left and right;

Anterior, Posterior and Lateral Horns

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14
Q

Which horn contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons?

A

Posterior Horn

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15
Q

Which horn contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for contraction of muscles?

A

Anterior Ventral Horn

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16
Q

Which horn is only present in the thoracic and upper lumber segments and contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons?

A

Lateral gray horn

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17
Q

Which matter contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neuroglia?

A

Gray Matter

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18
Q

Which matter consists of myelinated axons and is organized into columns?

A

White Matter

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19
Q

Which tract in the white matter consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain?

A

Sensory Tract (ascending)

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20
Q

Which tract in the white matter consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses away from the brain?

A

Motor tract (descending)

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21
Q

What has a fast involuntary sequence of actions in response to stimuli?

A

Reflexes

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of reflexes?

A
  1. Spinal Reflex: Simple (reflex arc) (patellar reflex)

2. Cranial Reflex: Simple, occurs in the brainstem (gag reflex)

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23
Q

Which system are the spinal nerves a part of?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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24
Q

How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves broken down?

A 
8 pairs of cervical
12 pairs of thoracic
5 pairs of lumbar
5 pairs of sacral
1 pair of coccyx
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25
Q

How are the spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord?

A

Anterior (motor) and posterior (sensory) roots

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26
Q

What are the individual axons wrapped in?

A

Endoneurium

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27
Q

What are groups of axons arranged in?

A

Bundles called Fascicles

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28
Q

What are the Fascicles wrapped in?

A

Perineurium

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29
Q

What is the entire nerve wrapped in?

A

Epineurium

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30
Q

Many spinal nerve branches join axons from adjacent nerves to form networks called?

A

Plexuses

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31
Q

What parts of the body does the cervical plexus supply?

A

Posterior head, neck and upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm
(C3, C4, and C5)

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32
Q

What nerve is responsible for innervating the diaphragm to contract?

A

Phrenic Nerve

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33
Q

What parts of the body does the Brachial plexus supply?

A

Upper Limbs, Some neck and shoulder muscles

C5 to T1

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34
Q

What parts of the body does the Lumbar plexus supply?

A

Abdominal wall, external genitals, and parts of the lower limbs
(L1-L4)

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35
Q

What parts of the body does the Sacral plexus supply?

A

Buttocks, Perineum, and most of the lower limbs

L4-S4

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36
Q

What structures protect the brain?

A 
Cranium (skull)
Cranial Meninges (Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
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37
Q

How much of the body’s oxygen supply does the brain require?

A

20%

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38
Q

How long can a brain be deprived of oxygen before it leads to permanent damage?

A

4 or more mins

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39
Q

What structure is a circulatory anastomosis taht supplies blood to brain and surrounding structures?

A

Circle of Willis

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40
Q

What two internal carotid arteries make up the Circle of Willis?

A

Right and Left Internal Carotid Artery

41
Q

What protects the brain from lipid soluble materials?

A

The Blood Brain Barrier

42
Q

What can break down the blood brain barrier?

A

Trauma, Certain Toxins and inflammation

43
Q

What is a clear, colorless liquid that cushions the brain, carries oxygen, glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and removes waste?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

44
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In the Choroid Plexuses, located in the brain

45
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Into the blood through the Arachnoid Villi

46
Q

What are the major parts of the brain?

A
  1. Brain Stem
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Cerebrum
47
Q

Which one of the major parts of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord and contains the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain?

A

Brain Stem

48
Q

Which one of the major parts of the brain is superior to the brain stem and contains the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland?

A

Diencephalon

49
Q

Which one of the major parts of the brain means “little brain” and lies posterior and inferior?

A

Cerebellum

50
Q

Which one of the major parts of the brain is the largest and most superior part?

A

Cerebrum

51
Q

Inferior part of the brain stem, a continuation of the spine

A

Medulla Oblongata

52
Q

Part of the brain where gray matter contains nuclei where neurons form synapses with one another.

  • Cardiovascular center regulates the rate and force of the heart and the diameter of the vessels
  • Medullary rhythmicity area regulates breathing
A

Medulla Oblongata

53
Q

Nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception lie in the posterior part of the medulla
- Contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves VIII - XII

A

Medulla Oblongata

54
Q

“Bridge for the medulla and midbrain to connect

A

PONS

55
Q
  • Contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts
  • Connects left and right sides of the brain
  • Contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves V - VIII
A

PONS

56
Q

Contains the pons to the diencephalon

- Connects nuclei associated with cranial nerves III and IV

A

Midbrain

57
Q

Large tracts that contain axons of motor neurons from cerebrum to rest of the brainstem and spinal cord

A

Cerebral Peduncles (Midbrain)

58
Q

Loss of these neurons related to Parkinson Disease

A

Substantia Nigra (Midbrain)

59
Q

Coordinates muscular movement

A

Red nuclei (Midbrain)

60
Q

Involved in scanning eye movement and responses to visual stimuli

A

Superior colliculi (Midbrain)

61
Q

Response to auditory input and startle reflex

A

Inferior Colliculi (Midbrain)

62
Q

Three major regions of the Diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pineal Gland (part of the endocrine system)
63
Q

Major sensory relay center, contributes to motor functions, plays role in consciousness

A

Thalamus (part of the Diencephalon)

64
Q

Control of the Pituitary and hormone production

  • Control and integration of the ANS
  • Regulation of emotional and behavior patterns
  • Regulation of eating and drinking
  • Control of body temperature
  • Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep and awakening patterns
A

Hypothalamus ( part of the Diencephalon)

65
Q

Secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body’s biological clock

A

Pineal Gland

66
Q

Posterior to the medulla and pons, inferior to cerebrum and attached to brain stem by cerebellar peduncles

A

Cerebellum

67
Q

Structure:

  • Two Cerebellar Hemispheres
  • Cerebellar Cortex (Gray Matter)
  • Tree Like Appearance
A

Cerebellum

68
Q

Functions:

  • Receives wide range of sensory input from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes, equilibrium receptors in ears and eyes
  • Compares actual movements with intended ones
  • Helps to smooth and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions
  • Helps execute skilled motor activities
  • Regulates posture and balance essential for skilled motor activities
A

Cerebellum

69
Q

Structure:
Longitudinal Fissure
Corpus Callosum
Cerebrum Layers

A

Cerebrum

70
Q

What divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal Fissure

71
Q

Broad band of white matter containing axons that connects the right and left spheres internally

A

Corpus Callosum

72
Q

Assists in motor control, emotions, behavior executive function (cognitive processes)

A

Basal Ganglia

73
Q

What are the folds of the cerebrum called?

A

Gyri (gyrus)

74
Q

What are the shallow grooves of the Cerebrum called?

A

Sulci (Sulcus)

75
Q

What is the superficial gray matter in the Cerebrum called?

A

Cortex

76
Q

How many lobes are there in each hemisphere of the cerebrum?

A

Four

  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
77
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the Cerebrum?

A

Central Sulcus

78
Q

Where is the primary motor area in the cerebrum located?

A

in the Precentral Gyrus (Anterior to the Central Sulcus

79
Q

Where is Primary somatosensory area of the cerebrum located?

A

In the ‘Postcentral Gyrus (Posterior to the Central Sulcus)

80
Q
  • Sensory areas receive input, leading to perception
  • Motor areas initiate movements
  • Association areas deal with integrative functions like memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality and intelligence
A

Cerebral Cortex

81
Q

Where is the primary visual area located?

A

`Occipital Lobe

82
Q

Where is the primary auditory area located?

A

Temporal Lobe

83
Q

Where is the primary gustatory (taste) area located?

A

Base of Postcentral Gyrus

84
Q

Where is the Primary olfactory (smell) area located?

A

Medial Aspect of the Temporal Lobe

85
Q

Where is the Primary Motor area of the Central Cortex located?

A

In the Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe in each hemisphere

86
Q

Where is Broca’s Speech area located in the Cerebral Cortex?

A

Located in the left hemisphere in 97% of persons

87
Q

What area of the Central Cortex is responsible for Complex integration, memory, emotion, reasoning and judgement?

A

Association Areas

88
Q

Where is the association area located?

A

adjacent to sensory and motor areas and connected via association tracts

89
Q

What area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for storage of memories of past sensory experiences?

A

Somatosensory association area

90
Q

What area of the cerebral cortex that generates nerve impulses causing a specific group of muscles to contract in a specific sequence?

A

Premotor area

91
Q

Ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon
- Called the “emotional brain”
Plays a primary role in pain, pleasure, anger, affection and behavior

A

Limbic System

92
Q

Controls the nervous system’s involuntary behavior related to survival?

A

Limbic System

93
Q

Which hemisphere is responsible for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills and reasoning?

A

Left hemisphere

94
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain is more involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of language, generating images of sight, sound taste and smell

A

Right Hemisphere

95
Q

Memory involves which association areas?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal Lobes, Parts of the Limbic System and Basal Ganglia

96
Q

Skill memory involves which part of the brain?

A

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

97
Q

What are the 3 Deep Gray Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) called?

A
  1. Globus Pallidus
  2. Putamen
  3. Caudate Nucleus
98
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Occulomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal

NEUROLOGY (5 decks)

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