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NEUROLOGY > Neuro: Chapter 1; Structures and Functions > Flashcards

Neuro: Chapter 1; Structures and Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the CNS?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

How many Neurons are there in the brain?

A

100 Billion

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3
Q

How many neurons are there in the spinal cord?

A

100 Million Neurons

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4
Q

What are the structures of the PNS?

A
  1. Cranial Nerves
  2. Spinal Nerves
  3. Ganglia
  4. Enteric Plexuses in Small Intestine
  5. Sensory Receptors in the Skin
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5
Q

How many pairs of Cranial Nerves are there?

A

12

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6
Q

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there?

A

31

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7
Q

What are Sensory Receptors?

A

Specialized cells that monitor changes in the internal and external environment

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8
Q

What are Ganglia?

A

Small Masses of Nervous Tissue consisting of Neuronal Cell Bodies that are located outside the brain and spinal cord.

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9
Q

What is an Enteric Plexus?

A

Extensive Network of Nerves that are located in the walls of the GI Tract that help regulate the Digestive System

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10
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the Nervous System?

A

Sensory Function
Integrative Function
Motor Function

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11
Q

What is the Sensory Function (afferent) responsible for in the body?

A

Detects internal and external stimuli and carry information into the brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves

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12
Q

What is the Integrative Function responsible for in the body?

A

Information Processing

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13
Q

What is the Motor Function (Effect) responsible for in the body?

A

Once integration occurs, the brain may elicit motor response to muscles or glands (effectors) via cranial or spinal nerves.

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14
Q

What 2 cells make up nervous tissue?

A

Neurons: Provides most of the unique functions of the nervous system (Electrical Excitability)
Neuroglia: Function to provide support, nourishment and protection (Support)

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15
Q

What are the parts of a Neuron?

A
  1. Cell Body: Nucleus, Cytoplasm with typical organelles
  2. Dendrites: Highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body (Receiving parts)
  3. Axon: Conducts away from cell body toward another neuron, muscle or gland
  4. Axon Terminals: Contains Synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters
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16
Q

What are the structural classes of neurons?

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

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17
Q

Define a Multipolar Neuron

A

Has several or many dendrites and one axon (most common type in brain and spinal cord)

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18
Q

Define a Bipolar Neuron

A

Has one dendrite and one axon (Special Job or Function)

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19
Q

Define a Unipolar Neuron

A

Has a fixed dendrite and axon (Brings Information In)

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20
Q

What are the Functional Classes of Neurons?

A

Sensory (Afferent)
Motor (Efferent)
Interneurons (Association Neurons)

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21
Q
  1. Supports, Nourishes and Protects Neurons
  2. Critical for homeostasis
  3. Makes up half the volume of the CNS
A

Neuroglia

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22
Q

Forms the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

Produces myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

Protects CNS cells from disease

A

Microglia

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25
Cells that form CSF in the Ventricles
Ependymal Cells
26
Produces myelin around PNS Neurons
Schwann Cells
27
Supports Neurons in the PNS Ganglia
Satellite Cells
28
Surrounds most Axons Insulates the axon and speeds up the nerve impulse Increases from birth to maturity
Myelin
29
Gaps in myelin along the axon
Nodes of Ranvier
30
Which diseases can destroy myelin sheaths?
1. Multiple Sclerosis | 2. Tay-Sachs
31
Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS
Ganglion
32
Cluster of Cell bodies in the CNS
Nucleus
33
Bundle of Axons in in the PNS
Nerve
34
Bundle of Axons in the CNS
Tract
35
What is white matter made up of?
Myelinated Axons
36
What is Gray matter made up of?
``` Cell bodies Dendrites Unmyelinated axons Axon Terminals Neuroglia ```
37
Where is gray and white matter located in the Spinal Cord?
White matter surrounds centrally located gray matter "H" or "Butterfly"
38
Where is gray and white matter located in the Brain?
Gray matter in a thin cortex surrounds white matter
39
Are neurons in the PNS able to regenerate?
Yes, Axons and dendrites in the PNS can be repaired if the cell body is intact and the Schwann cells are functional
40
Are neurons in the CNS able to regenerate?
Very limited even if cell body is intact | Inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth -stimulator cues
41
What provides for communication between neurons?
Action Potential (Nerve Impulses)
42
What is required for action potential to occur?
Resting membrane potential | Ion Channels
43
What allows ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentrations?
Ion channels
44
What is required to activate cell membranes in a neuron or muscle fiber?
Initial Event (Stimulus)
45
What occurs during the initial event (stimulus)?
- Triggers resting membrane to become more permeable to Sodium (NA +) - Causes enough NA + to enter cell so that cell membrane reaches threshold (-55 mv) - If threshold is reached, an action potential arises
46
What is it called when action potential arises?
"all or nothing response"
47
What is it called when the Voltage gated Na + channels open as more Na + enters cell, membrane potential rises and becomes positive (-70 ~ 0 ~ + 30 mv)?
Depolarizing phase
48
What is it called when the Voltage gated K + channels open as more K + leaves the cell, membrane potential is returned to resting value (+ 30 ~ 0 ~ - 70 mv)?
Repolarizing phase
49
What is it called when a nerve impulse travels from where they arise (axon hillock), along the axon to the axon terminal?
Propagation
50
What happens when unmyelinated axons, currents flow across adjacent portions of the plasma membrane
Continuous Conduction
51
What happens when myelinated axons, with help from the Nodes of Ranvier "leap" from one node to the next?
Saltatory Conduction
52
What is it called when a sending neuron releases neurotransmitters?
Presynaptic Neuron
53
What is the space between neurons called?
Synaptic Cleft
54
What is a receiving neuron who has receptors that bind to neurotransmitters called?
Postsynaptic Neuron
55
Action potential arrives at presynaptic neuron's end bulk Opens voltage Gated Ca2+ channels Ca2+ flows in presynaptic cytosol Increased Ca2+ concentration causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles Neurotransmitter (NT) released into cleft NT diffuse across cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane NT acts as chemical trigger, opening ion channels which changes the voltage across the postsynaptic cell membrane Postsynaptic cell membrane may be depolarized or hyperpolarized, depending on which ions were admitted If threshold reached (-55 mv) then postsynaptic Action Potential results and nerve impulse is triggered
Synaptic Transmission
56
Action potentials can only travel in one direction from dendrite to axon
One-way transmission
57
How are neurotransmitters removed from cleft?
- Via diffusion - Destruction by enzymes such as Acetylcholine - Transport back into presynaptic cell (reuptake or recycling)
58
Acetylcholine, Amino Acids, Modified Amino Acids, Neuropeptides and Nitric Oxide
Neurotransmitters
59
Which neurotransmitter does the PNS use?
Acetylcholine (Ach)
60
How many Amino Acids are there?
3 1. Glutamate 2. Aspartate 3. Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
61
How many Modified Amino Acids are there?
3 1. Norepinephrine (NE) 2. Dopamine 3. Serotonin
62
Which Nervous System provides thoughts, emotions and memories?
CNS
63
What are the subdivisions of the PNS?
1. Somatic Nervous System 2. Autonomic Nervous System 3. Enteric Nervous System
64
Which neurons of the SNS, conveys information from head, body wall and limbs from receptors for special senses?
Sensory Neurons
65
Which neurons of the SNS, conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles?
Motor Neurons
66
Which neurons from the ANS convey information from receptors in the visceral organs (stomach and lungs) to CNS?
Sensory Neurons
67
Which neurons of the ANS conducts impulses from the CNS to smooth muscles (Cardiac muscles and glands)?
Motor Neurons
68
What is the nickname for the Sympathetic System?
Fight of Flight
69
What is the nickname for the Parasympathetic System?
Rest and Digest
70
What is the nickname for the Enteric Nervous System?
Brain of the Gut
71
Which neurons of the ENS monitor chemical changes in the GI tract, stretching of the walls?
Sensory Neurons
72
Which neurons of the ENS regulates contractions, acid secretions and endocrine cell secretions?
Motor Neurons

NEUROLOGY (5 decks)

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