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NEUROLOGY > Neuro: Chapter 1; Structures and Functions > Flashcards

Neuro: Chapter 1; Structures and Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the CNS?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

How many Neurons are there in the brain?

A

100 Billion

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3
Q

How many neurons are there in the spinal cord?

A

100 Million Neurons

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4
Q

What are the structures of the PNS?

A
  1. Cranial Nerves
  2. Spinal Nerves
  3. Ganglia
  4. Enteric Plexuses in Small Intestine
  5. Sensory Receptors in the Skin
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5
Q

How many pairs of Cranial Nerves are there?

A

12

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6
Q

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there?

A

31

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7
Q

What are Sensory Receptors?

A

Specialized cells that monitor changes in the internal and external environment

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8
Q

What are Ganglia?

A

Small Masses of Nervous Tissue consisting of Neuronal Cell Bodies that are located outside the brain and spinal cord.

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9
Q

What is an Enteric Plexus?

A

Extensive Network of Nerves that are located in the walls of the GI Tract that help regulate the Digestive System

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10
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the Nervous System?

A

Sensory Function
Integrative Function
Motor Function

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11
Q

What is the Sensory Function (afferent) responsible for in the body?

A

Detects internal and external stimuli and carry information into the brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves

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12
Q

What is the Integrative Function responsible for in the body?

A

Information Processing

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13
Q

What is the Motor Function (Effect) responsible for in the body?

A

Once integration occurs, the brain may elicit motor response to muscles or glands (effectors) via cranial or spinal nerves.

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14
Q

What 2 cells make up nervous tissue?

A

Neurons: Provides most of the unique functions of the nervous system (Electrical Excitability)
Neuroglia: Function to provide support, nourishment and protection (Support)

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15
Q

What are the parts of a Neuron?

A
  1. Cell Body: Nucleus, Cytoplasm with typical organelles
  2. Dendrites: Highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body (Receiving parts)
  3. Axon: Conducts away from cell body toward another neuron, muscle or gland
  4. Axon Terminals: Contains Synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters
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16
Q

What are the structural classes of neurons?

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

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17
Q

Define a Multipolar Neuron

A

Has several or many dendrites and one axon (most common type in brain and spinal cord)

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18
Q

Define a Bipolar Neuron

A

Has one dendrite and one axon (Special Job or Function)

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19
Q

Define a Unipolar Neuron

A

Has a fixed dendrite and axon (Brings Information In)

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20
Q

What are the Functional Classes of Neurons?

A

Sensory (Afferent)
Motor (Efferent)
Interneurons (Association Neurons)

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21
Q
  1. Supports, Nourishes and Protects Neurons
  2. Critical for homeostasis
  3. Makes up half the volume of the CNS
A

Neuroglia

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22
Q

Forms the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

Produces myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

Protects CNS cells from disease

A

Microglia

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25
Q

Cells that form CSF in the Ventricles

A

Ependymal Cells

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26
Q

Produces myelin around PNS Neurons

A

Schwann Cells

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27
Q

Supports Neurons in the PNS Ganglia

A

Satellite Cells

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28
Q

Surrounds most Axons
Insulates the axon and speeds up the nerve impulse
Increases from birth to maturity

A

Myelin

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29
Q

Gaps in myelin along the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

30
Q

Which diseases can destroy myelin sheaths?

A
  1. Multiple Sclerosis

2. Tay-Sachs

31
Q

Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

A

Ganglion

32
Q

Cluster of Cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nucleus

33
Q

Bundle of Axons in in the PNS

A

Nerve

34
Q

Bundle of Axons in the CNS

A

Tract

35
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Myelinated Axons

36
Q

What is Gray matter made up of?

A 
Cell bodies
Dendrites
Unmyelinated axons
Axon Terminals
Neuroglia
37
Q

Where is gray and white matter located in the Spinal Cord?

A

White matter surrounds centrally located gray matter “H” or “Butterfly”

38
Q

Where is gray and white matter located in the Brain?

A

Gray matter in a thin cortex surrounds white matter

39
Q

Are neurons in the PNS able to regenerate?

A

Yes, Axons and dendrites in the PNS can be repaired if the cell body is intact and the Schwann cells are functional

40
Q

Are neurons in the CNS able to regenerate?

A

Very limited even if cell body is intact

Inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth -stimulator cues

41
Q

What provides for communication between neurons?

A

Action Potential (Nerve Impulses)

42
Q

What is required for action potential to occur?

A

Resting membrane potential

Ion Channels

43
Q

What allows ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentrations?

A

Ion channels

44
Q

What is required to activate cell membranes in a neuron or muscle fiber?

A

Initial Event (Stimulus)

45
Q

What occurs during the initial event (stimulus)?

A
  • Triggers resting membrane to become more permeable to Sodium (NA +)
  • Causes enough NA + to enter cell so that cell membrane reaches threshold (-55 mv)
  • If threshold is reached, an action potential arises
46
Q

What is it called when action potential arises?

A

“all or nothing response”

47
Q

What is it called when the Voltage gated Na + channels open as more Na + enters cell, membrane potential rises and becomes positive (-70 ~ 0 ~ + 30 mv)?

A

Depolarizing phase

48
Q

What is it called when the Voltage gated K + channels open as more K + leaves the cell, membrane potential is returned to resting value (+ 30 ~ 0 ~ - 70 mv)?

A

Repolarizing phase

49
Q

What is it called when a nerve impulse travels from where they arise (axon hillock), along the axon to the axon terminal?

A

Propagation

50
Q

What happens when unmyelinated axons, currents flow across adjacent portions of the plasma membrane

A

Continuous Conduction

51
Q

What happens when myelinated axons, with help from the Nodes of Ranvier “leap” from one node to the next?

A

Saltatory Conduction

52
Q

What is it called when a sending neuron releases neurotransmitters?

A

Presynaptic Neuron

53
Q

What is the space between neurons called?

A

Synaptic Cleft

54
Q

What is a receiving neuron who has receptors that bind to neurotransmitters called?

A

Postsynaptic Neuron

55
Q

Action potential arrives at presynaptic neuron’s end bulk

Opens voltage Gated Ca2+ channels

Ca2+ flows in presynaptic cytosol

Increased Ca2+ concentration causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles

Neurotransmitter (NT) released into cleft

NT diffuse across cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane

NT acts as chemical trigger, opening ion channels which changes the voltage across the postsynaptic cell membrane

Postsynaptic cell membrane may be depolarized or hyperpolarized, depending on which ions were admitted

If threshold reached (-55 mv) then postsynaptic Action Potential results and nerve impulse is triggered

A

Synaptic Transmission

56
Q

Action potentials can only travel in one direction from dendrite to axon

A

One-way transmission

57
Q

How are neurotransmitters removed from cleft?

A
  • Via diffusion
  • Destruction by enzymes such as Acetylcholine
  • Transport back into presynaptic cell (reuptake or recycling)
58
Q

Acetylcholine, Amino Acids, Modified Amino Acids, Neuropeptides and Nitric Oxide

A

Neurotransmitters

59
Q

Which neurotransmitter does the PNS use?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

60
Q

How many Amino Acids are there?

A

3

  1. Glutamate
  2. Aspartate
  3. Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
61
Q

How many Modified Amino Acids are there?

A

3

  1. Norepinephrine (NE)
  2. Dopamine
  3. Serotonin
62
Q

Which Nervous System provides thoughts, emotions and memories?

A

CNS

63
Q

What are the subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System
  2. Autonomic Nervous System
  3. Enteric Nervous System
64
Q

Which neurons of the SNS, conveys information from head, body wall and limbs from receptors for special senses?

A

Sensory Neurons

65
Q

Which neurons of the SNS, conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles?

A

Motor Neurons

66
Q

Which neurons from the ANS convey information from receptors in the visceral organs (stomach and lungs) to CNS?

A

Sensory Neurons

67
Q

Which neurons of the ANS conducts impulses from the CNS to smooth muscles (Cardiac muscles and glands)?

A

Motor Neurons

68
Q

What is the nickname for the Sympathetic System?

A

Fight of Flight

69
Q

What is the nickname for the Parasympathetic System?

A

Rest and Digest

70
Q

What is the nickname for the Enteric Nervous System?

A

Brain of the Gut

71
Q

Which neurons of the ENS monitor chemical changes in the GI tract, stretching of the walls?

A

Sensory Neurons

72
Q

Which neurons of the ENS regulates contractions, acid secretions and endocrine cell secretions?

A

Motor Neurons

NEUROLOGY (5 decks)

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