neuro - appendix b Flashcards
Or brain has a multitude of cell and tissue types. A simplified classification is to proclaim it as:
White or Gray Matter
Accumulations of neuron cell bodies and dendrites make up ______ matter
gray
Neuron axons constitute most of the ______ matter
white
Thin layers of ______ make up the “cortex” of the cerebrum and cerebellum forming the outer surface
Grey matter
The massive inner white matter is often broken up by small accumulations of gray matter called ______ (or _______)
nuclei (or basil ganglia)
As in all ______ our brain is hollow; having a series of interconnected ______.
Chordates; ventricles
The ventricles of the brain are filled with _____.
cerebrospinal fluid
cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the _____, and will eventually escape through the apertures of the ______ to surround the brain.
ventricles, fourth ventricle
Our brain weighs ______, and nearly floats in an inner and outer “waterbath” of protection.
2.5-3 pounds
The Brain Stem includes the:
Pons, Medulla oblongata, and Midbrain
The ______ has an inferior stem-like structure, with an abundance of cranial nerve pairs near or extending out from it.
Medulla oblongata (M.O.)
The medulla oblongata has two important ventral surface landmarks, what are they?
The olives, and the bilateral pyramids
The medulla oblongata is vital for life-maintaining functions such as:
breathing and cardiovascular control
The _______ Contains ALL ascending and descending neuron fibers associated with the spinal cord.
Medulla Oblongata (M.O.)
This structure is located just superior to the M.O., and has a distinct ventral bulge:
PONS
Cranial nerve pair #___ appears dramatically on the lateral surface of the pons.
V
The ____ and the ____ both form the ventral wall of of the fourth brain ventricle.
M.O., PONS
Among other functions, the Pons is well adapted as a(n) ______ and _____ center between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
integration, relay
The small area surrounding the cerebral aqueduct.
Midbrain
the ____ is a distinct passageway for cerebrospinal fluid between the 3rd and 4th ventricles.
cerebral aqueduct
The _____ is the area posterior to the aqueduct, which includes two superior and inferior colliculi.
Tectum
________ to the aqueduct are the bilateral bulges called the cerebral peduncles.
Ventral
The midbrain coordinates subtle reflexes dealing with:
Head movements in seeing and hearing
The CP (peduncles) are full of important ______ ______ orientated fibers
descending motor
The ______ is simply a fluid filled space bonded by the thalamus and hypothalamus laterally.
third ventricle
The _____ is a neuron relay center, and also has control over many autonomic and endocrine functions.
Diencephalon
The “flower” at the top of the “brainstem”
Telencephalon
The right and left brain hemispheres are largely divided by the _________
longitudinal cerebral fissure
Each brain hemisphere is subdivided into four major lobes:
Frontal, Parietal, temporal, occipital
What are the Pseudolobes?
Limbic, Insular, and piriformis
Each hemisphere has an outer thin cortex of _____ and an inner mass of ______ matter, along with with centrally located grey masses called basal ganglia.
Grey, White
The largest brain lobe, which makes up 35% of the cerebrum
Frontal Lobes (R/L)
Name the major gyri of the frontal lobe
Precentral Gyrus, superior/middle/inferior frontal gyri
The frontal lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by the:
Central Sulcus
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the:
Lateral Cerebral Sulcus (sylvian Sulcus)
The _______ is full of neuron axons that connect R and L cerebral hemispheres.
corpus callosum
Structures connecting equivalent halves of the CNS are often termed:
Commissures
Our frontal lobes are best known for their role as both ________ centers and as _________ centers.
thought elaborating, voluntary motor initiating
The inferior parietal lobule is primarily made up of the _______ and _______ gyri
supramarginal, angular
Within the ______ lobe, one feels sensation types modalities. (light/deep touch, pain, temperature changes, and kinesthetic input)
Parietal
Relatively small lobes with indistinct lateral and inferior boundaries:
Occipital Lobes (Rt/Lt)
Sight and memory of past sight experience are received, built up, stored, and associated in this lobe:
Occipital
Other lobes are dependent of transfer from the _____ lobe for proper function.
Occipital
The temporal lobes are divided into distinct:
superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri
functions of the temporal lobes include:
auditory reception, interpretation, and memory centers
Much of our behavior control mechanism is tied up along the medially located _______ formation
hippocampal
The medial aspect of the temporal lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by the:
deep sylvian (lateral) sulcus
The _____ is a significant olfactory interpretation area. (located within the temporal lobe)
Uncus
A posterior enlargement located just dorsal to the pons and medulla:
Cerebellum
The “hindbrain”
rhombencephalon
The hindbrain includes:
the cerebellum, the MO, and the pons
the fluid filled space between the pons, medulla, and cerebellum is known as:
the fourth brain ventricle
The cerebellum is separated from the occipital lobe by a space, and a membrane called _______
Tentorium cerebelli
The tentorium cerebelli membrane is in a fissure called the _______
horizontal cerebral fissure
the ______ plays a major role in maintaining muscle tone, and in seeing that our voluntary movements are effective.
Cerebellum
