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S2 PTA 103 techniques > Neuro and pain > Flashcards

Neuro and pain Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of PNS

A

Transmits any stimulus from the periphery towards the CNS

  • afferent fibers
  • composed of sensory and motor fibers
  • 4 types of fibers: A-alpha, A-beta, A-delta, C fibers
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2
Q

Purpose of CNS

A

Integration and command center

  • interprets incoming sensory information from the PNS and facilitates a response
  • efferent fibers
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3
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell that conducts messages via nerve impulses betweeen the peripheral and central nervous systems

  • compels of dendrites, cell body, and an axon
  • communicate via action potential
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4
Q

Action potential

A

Basic unit of nerve communication

  1. Resting state: Na+ outside, K+ inside
  2. Depolarization: triggering response all or nothing response, not in relation to intensity of stimulus, it either happens or it doesn’t. Na+ moves into cell, propagates action potential
  3. Repolarization: returning to resting state. K+ moves in and Na+ back out
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5
Q

Pic

A

Generation of action potential

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6
Q

Pic

A

Determinants of nerve conduction

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7
Q

Pic

A

Saltatory conduction

  • literally means “jumping” of an action potential along the axon
  • faster than transmitting down a continual sheath
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8
Q

Pathway of nerve transmission

A

PNS -> spinal cord -> brain

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9
Q

Pain

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Essential for survival - response to actual or perceived danger

  • every person’s threshold (all or nothing) for pain is the same, however perception and tolerance vary based on personal experiences.
  • surgery is controlled injury
  • huge emotional component
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10
Q

Acute pain

A

Caused by actual or impending injury/damage

  • usually associated with a known trauma/injury
  • lasts as long as noxious stimuli is present and resolves once cause is removed
  • responds well to treatment focused on early tissue healing and restoration to normal movement.
  • no time frame, varies by normal time range for injury
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11
Q

Chronic pain

A

Pain that does not resolve in expected healing time or persists beyond duration of noxious stimulation

  • cause is often not immediately identifiable
  • pain may be persistent or recurring
  • it has not usually responded to invasive medical interventions
  • multi-factorial in nature, with associated loss in function
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12
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain arising from deep body structures felt at a location different from its source
- error in the localization of pain (need to read book for more information)

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13
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

Pain as a direct result of stimulation of pain receptors associated with ongoing tissue damage

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14
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain as a result of a lesion or disease process affecting nerves

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15
Q

Dysfunctional pain

A

Pain that is persistent and does not provide a protective purpose, often associated with chronic pain

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16
Q

Psychogenic pain

A

Large psychological role with pain

17
Q

Pain reception and transission

A

Nociceptors: Primary efferent pathway

  • peripheral nerve endings located in most tissue types that respond to painful stimuli, mechanical, thermal, and chemical (C and A-delta fibers)
  • quality of pain is dependent on type of nerve transmitting
  • intensity of pain is dependent on firing rate of the nerves
18
Q

C fibers

A

Small, unmyelinated

  • sensitive to all noxious stimulus
  • dull, throbbing, aching, burning, tingling, tapping sensations
  • diffuse pain
  • slow onset, long duration (1-4 m/sec)
  • emotionally difficult for pt
19
Q

How does pain get from PNS to CNS

A
  1. Carry pain sensation from the periphery to spinal cord
  2. Where pain modulation occurs. Transmission of pain either towards the cerebral cortex or elecitation of flexor withdrawal
  3. Where pain is interpreted, and sent to higher brain centers
  4. Conscious awareness of pain
20
Q

Pain-spasm-pain cycle

A

Reflexive muscle spasm that occurs in response to a painful stimulus to “protect” the injured area.
- results in mechanical compression of nociceptors and an increase in chemical irritants resulting in pain followed by spasm

21
Q

Not sure?

A
  1. Decreased circulation
  2. Decreased O2 supply
  3. Decrease lymphatic clearing
  4. Decreased nutrient supply
  5. Increased metabolism
  6. Increased concentration of metabolites
  7. Increased muscle fatigue
  8. Inflammmation and edema
22
Q

Flexor withdrawal

A

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S2 PTA 103 techniques (10 decks)

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