Neuro Anatomy Quiz 1. 2016 :)

Question 1

2 main arteries that supply the brain

Answer 1

internal carotid, vertebral

Question 2

where does the ACA ( anterior cerebral arteries) come from?

Answer 2

internal carotid and it supplies part of the cerebrum

Question 3

where does the MCA ( middle cerebral arteries) come from?

Answer 3

internal carotid to lateral sulcus branches off to lateral cerebral cortex

Question 4

where does the PCA (posterior cerebral arteries) come from?

Answer 4

basilar artery ( vertebral artery below the pons)

Question 5

the anterior, middle, an posterior arteries supply blood to what

Answer 5

cerebral cortex

Question 6

the anterior cerebral artery supplies what part of the cerebral cortex

Answer 6

medial, anterior and superior portions of the cerebral hemisphere

Question 7

middle cerebral artery supplies what part of the cerebral cortex

Answer 7

primarily the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere

Question 8

posterior cerebral artery supplies what part of the cerebral cortex

Answer 8

posterior portion as well as the inferior aspect of the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheree

Question 9

the main supply arteries that make up “ Circle of Willis” :)

Answer 9

• Internal carotid artery (left and right)
• Basilar artery
• Ensures that the brain has a large blood supply

Question 10

Describe and discuss the function of the Circle of Willis

Answer 10

Provides multiple paths for oxygenated blood to supply the brain if any of the other suppliers of oxygenated blood are constricted by physical pressure, occluded by disease, or interrupted by injury.

Question 11

Describe the general blood flow return to the heart

Answer 11

Series of sinuses in the cerebrum collects the deoxygenated blood
To the jugular veins
To lungs where they are deoxygenated to the heart

Question 12

what do the meninges do?!

Answer 12

protects CNS, provides blood supply to skull

Question 13

How many layers of meninges are there and what are they! :)

Answer 13

Dura Mater: Outermost layer, fibrous tissue(tough mother)
Arachnoid mater: Layer under the dura mater, filled with a bed of collagen, has trabeculae (spider)
Pia Mater: Innermost layer, it lines the sulci and gyri, very fine thin layer (tender mother)

Question 14

Latin names for meninges and what they mean

Answer 14

Dura Mater: Means “Tough mother”
Arachnoid mater : Means “Spider”
Pia Mater: means “tender mother”

Question 15

order of impulse travelling across a neuron

Answer 15

dendrites, axon( nodes of ranvier and schwan cells, myelin sheath), axon terminal

Question 16

define neuroglial cells

Answer 16

These are the cells that form myelin, protect, support, and maintain equilibrium in your nervous system

Question 17

define nerve impulse

Answer 17

signal across nerve fibre

Question 18

define resting membrane potential

Answer 18

It is where a neuron is at rest, there are relatively more sodium ions outside the neuron and more potassium ions inside that neuron

Question 19

next one is long info don’t need to read

Answer 19

a. Myelinated axons contain Schwann cells that produce myelin. The myelin is discontinuous with gaps called Nodes of Ranvier. Myelin is a lipid substance that acts as an insulator.
b. The speed of conduction also relies on the thickness of the myelin sheath as well as the diameter of the axon. Greater myelination and larger diameter axons conduct action potentials faster.
c. Nerve fibers are classified according to their size. Type A fibers are large diameter myelinated fibers that quickly conduct action potentials (15-120 meters/second).
d. Type B fibers are medium diameter myelinated fibers that conduct action potentials more slowly than Type A fibers. Type B fibers can conduct action potentials from 5-15 meters/second.
e. Type C fibers have a small diameter and are unmyelinated fibers that conduct action potentials at 2 meters/second or less. Type B and C fibers are found in the autonomic nervous system.

Question 20

Random stuff about action potential

Answer 20

5. Identify the main steps of action potential - Threshold, Depolarization, Repolarization, Refractory Period, Resting State.
6. Function and Location of Myelin: runs along the axon to help transmit and send impulses faster
7. Define Saltatory Conduction: increases the speed of the impulse by “jumping” the impulse from the node of ranvier to node of ranvier
8. Define neurotransmitters & Describe how these are released - chemical messengers which transmit signals across a chemical synapse. They exchange information at the synapse located between the dendrite and the axon terminal.
9. Describe excitatory and inhibitory potentials -Excitatory: increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential. Inhibitory: stop/decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential.

Question 21

how many cranial nerves are there

Answer 21

There are 12 Cranial Nerves. 11 originate from the diencephalon, 1 from the frontal lobe. They sense touch, pain, and vision.

Question 22

function of autonomic nervous system

Answer 22

• Maintains homeostasis (glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle)
• Controls involuntary movement (eg: breathing, heart rate, digestion, etc.)

Question 23

2 systems in the ANS

Answer 23

•Sympathetic
◦Fight or flight system; excites the body or gets the body going.

•Parasympathetic

◦Rest and digest; calms the body down

Question 24

what sympathetic does

Answer 24

◦Dilates pupil

◦Stimulates viscous saliva

◦Stimulates sweat

Question 25

parasympathetic

Answer 25

◦Contracts pupil

◦Stimulates watery saliva

◦Decreases heart rate

Question 26

what do horns do

Answer 26

where synapse happens an info goes in an out

Question 27

What are Neural Receptors?

Answer 27

A sensory receptor is a sensory nerve ending that responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism

Question 28

Different sensory receptors that detect stimuli

Answer 28

Chemoreceptors: that sense changes in chemical concentration.
• Pain receptors (nociceptors): that sense tissue damage. do not adapt to stimuli
• Thermoreceptors: that sense changes in temperature.
• Mechanoreceptors: that sense mechanical deformation of tissue.
• Proprioceptors: that sense changes in position of joints.
• Stretch receptors: that sense changes in tissue length.
• Photoreceptors: that sense changes in light intensity.

Question 29

different types of sensory receptors that detect stimuli

Answer 29

a. Touch and pressure are sensed by free nerve endings and Merkel’s discs as well as Meissner’s, Pacinian, and Ruffini corpuscles.
b. Pacinian corpuscles detect heavy pressure and vibration
c. Ruffini corpuscles are sensitive to pressure and skin movement.
d. Merkel’s discs sense fine touch and pressure
e. There are warm and cold receptors. Warm receptors are receptive to temperatures greater than 25 degrees C.

f. Cold receptors are receptive to temperatures 10-20 degrees C
g. Pain receptors or nociceptors are the free nerve endings. Pain receptors do not adapt to stimuli.