Neuro anatomy + physiology Flashcards
What cranial nerves originate from the cerebrum?
- olfactory nerve (CN I)
- optic nerve (CN II)
What cranial nerves originate from the midbrain?
- trochlear nerve (IV)
- oculomotor (III)
What cranial nerves originate from the pons?
- trigeminal (V)
- abducens VI
- facial VII
- vestibulocochlear VIII
What cranial nerves originate from the medulla oblongata?
- glossopharyngeal IX
- vagus X
- accessory XI
- hypoglossal XII
What is the function of of CNI?
- Sensory visceral
- Smell
What is the function of CN II?
- Special somatic sensory (SSS) – senses derived from ectoderm (e.g. sight, sound, balance)
- Vision
What is the function of CN III?
- Motor (somatic and visceral) : skeletal + smooth muscles
- Somatic muscles - 4 extrinsic eye muscles and levator palpebrae superioris.
- Visceral : pupillary sphincter
What is the function of CN IV?
- Motor (somatic)
- Superior oblique
What is the function of CN V?
- Ophthalmic (somatic sensory) -> Scalp, forehead and nose.
- Maxillary (somatic sensory) -> Cheeks, lower eye lid, nasal mucosa, upper lip, upper teeth and palate.
- Mandibular (Soamtic sensory + specific visceral motor/ smooth muscle):
- GSS: anterior 2/3 tongue, skin over mandible and lower teeth.
- SVM: muscles of mastication.
What is the function of CN VI?
- general somatic motor -> Lateral rectus
What is the function of CN VII?
GSS: sensation to part of ext. ear (General somatic sensory)
SVS: taste from ant. 2/3 tongue, hard and soft palate (Special visceral sensory)
SVM: muscles of facial expression. (Special visceral motor)
GVM: lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands and mucous glands of mouth and nose. (General visceral motor)
What is the function of CN VIII?
- Special somatic sensory (SSS)
- Hearing and balance
What is the function of IX?
GSS: post. 1/3 tongue, ext. ear, and middle ear cavity.
GVS: carotid body and sinus.
SVS: taste from post. 1/3 tongue.
GVM: parotid gland.
SVM: stylopharyngeus
What is the function of X?
GSS: ext. ear, larynx and pharynx.
GVS: larynx, pharynx and, thoracic & abdominal viscera.
SVS: taste from epiglottis region of tongue
GVM: smooth muscles of pharynx, larynx and most of the GIT.
SVM: most muscles of pharynx and larynx.
What is the function of CN XI?
- Motor
- GSM: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid.
- SVM: a few fibres run with CNX to viscera.
What is the function of CN XII?
- Motor GSM
- Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (except the palatoglossus).
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
- Haemostasis
- Hormonal regulation
What is the function of the thalamus?
- Relay sensory and motor signals
- Regulation of consciousness and alertness
What is the function of the amygdala?
- Emotional centre
- Fight or flight reactions
- Modulation of memory
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Memory conversion
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Decision making, problem solving , planning. Higher intellect, personality, mood, social conduct and language (dominant hemisphere side only).
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Perception, recognising objects, visuospatial processing, recognising numbers. Recognition of sensations and processing sensory information of multiple modalities
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Learning, emotion, memory, language + hearing
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
visual perception + association
What is the role of the pons?
- largest part of the brainstem, function as a connection between the cerebrum and cerebellum
- Controls respiration, sleeping, bladder, taste & hearing.
What is the role of the midbrain?
It acts as a conduit between the forebrain above and the pons and cerebellum below.
What is the role of the medulla?
Houses essential ascending and descending nerve tracts as well as brainstem nuclei. Contains reflex centers of vomiting, coughing, sneezing and swallowing.
Controls autonomic NS. Also contains respiration, cardio & vomiting centres
What is the role of the caudate nucleus?
- Memory
- Learning
What is the role of the lentiform nucleus?
- Putamen and the Globus Pallidus
- Putamen linked to substantia nigra → role in degenerative neurological disorders
- Putamen functions → Regulating movements + learning
- Globus pallidus → subconscious regulation of movement
What is the function of the thalamus?
- pathway from cerebral cortex + midbrain (brainstem)
- Functions:
- regulation of sleep, wakefulness, the level of awareness, activity,
- processing and relaying sensory information to various parts of the cerebral cortex
What is the flow of CSF in the ventricles?
- Ependymal cells ⇒ Choroid plexus in Lateral Ventricles
- Intraventricular Foramen (foramen of Monroe) ⇒ Third Ventricle
- Cerebral Aqueduct ⇒ Fourth Ventricle
- Leaves Lateral and Medially through Foramen of Luschka & Magendie ⇒ Subarachnoid Space
- Around brain ⇒ down spine ⇒ reabsorbed into dural venous sinuses from Arachnoid granulations
- All drains in internal jugular vein
