Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neurology > Neuro Anatomy (Felts) > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy (Felts) Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What makes up the Diencephalon?

A

The Thalmus and Hypothalmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structures make up the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 major types of Glial cells in the CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of Astrocytes in the CNS?

A

Support

Maintenence of the blood-brain barrier

Environmental homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cells are responsible for the production of myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

(Schwann cells in the PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the structure shown?

A

Node of Ranvier

Periodic gap in the myelin sheath. Allows APs to jump from one node to the next.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the name of the immune and antigen presenting cells in the CNS?

A

Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Ependymal cells?

A

Cells that line the ventricles of the CNS

Ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between a fissure and a sulcus?

A

A fissure is deeper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Within the brain, where is grey and white matter found?

A

Grey matter on the outside

White matter in the medullary centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Within the spinal cord, where is grey and white matter found?

A

Grey matter on the inside in an H shape

White matter on the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the insula do?

A

The insula plays an important role in the patient’s experience of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the layers of the meninges of the brain from superficial to deep?

A
  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid Mater
    • Subarachnoid space contains CSF
  • Pia Mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does blood from the brain drain?

A

Drains into a system of Dural Venous Sinuses

The dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the denticulate ligaments?

A

A ligament formed of pial and arachnoid tissue that anchor the spinal cord, along its length at each side, to the dura mater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the lateral horns and at which spinal level are they found?

A

T1-L2

Contain the preganglionic sympathetic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the spinal cord

A
  • 3 major longitudanal arteries- 1 anterior, 2 posterior. Origninate from vertebral arteries and run full length of cord
  • Segmental arteries- derived from vertebral, intercostal and lumbar arteries
  • Radicular arteries- travel along dorsal and ventral routes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

The space between the dura and the bone which contains adipose tissue and anterior and posterior epidural venous plexuses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe Ascending tracts

A

Ascending tracts carry sensory information from the body to the brain. A good example is pain perception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe descending tracts

A

Descending tracts carry motor instruction (e.g. to move the arm), down the spinal cord to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give examples of ascending tracts

A

Dorsal Column (medial lemniscus system)

Spinothalamic Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of the Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscus System and where do the fibres cross?

A

Fine touch and proprioception

Fibres cross in the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of the spinothalamic tract and where do the fibres cross?

A

Carries pain, temperature and deep pressure

Fibres cross segmentally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Does this region of the brain pick up sensory or motor signals?

A

Sensory

This image shows the sensory cortex located in the parietal lobe, just posterior to the central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where is the motor cortex located?
An area of the frontal lobe, immediately amterior to the central sulcus
26
What is the role of the corticospinal/pyramidal tract?
Motor tract Role in fine and precise movement, partcularly in the distal limb muscles (e.g. digits)
27
Describe what happens at the decussation of the pyramids in the medulla
Arount 85% of the fibres of the corticospinal tract cross at the caudal medulla at the decussation of the pyramids Crossed fibres form the lateral CST Uncrossed fibres form the ventral CST which cross segmentally
28
What are some of the motor tracts known collectively as the 'extrapyramidal system' and what do they do?
* Tectospinal Tract- Mediate reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuli * Reticulospinal Tract- Influences voluntary movement and reflexes * Vestibulospinal Tract- Excitatory input to 'antigravity' extensor muscles
29
What are the lobes of the cerebellum?
* Anterior lobe * Posterior Lobe * Flocculonodular Lobe
30
How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?
Via 3 cerebellur peduncles- superior, middle (largest) and inferior
31
What is the 'Arbor Vitae'?
'Tree of Life' The branching core of white matter in the cerebellum
32
What are the layers of the cerebral cortex?
Molecular layer (outer) Purkinje cell layer Granule cell layer (inner)
33
Where do afferent inputs to the cerebellum enter?
They enter via cerebral peduncles and project mainly into the granule cell layer
34
In which layer of the cerebral cortex do efferent projections arise?
Purkinje layer
35
True or False? Cerebellar hemispheres influence the contralateral side of the body
False They influence the **Ipsilateral** side This means that lesions also lead to ipsilateral signs and symptoms
36
What might occur due to a midline cerebellar lesion?
Disturbance of postural control Patient will tend to fall over when standing or sitting depite preserved limb coordination
37
What would a unilateral cerebellar lesion result in?
Disturbance of coordination in the limbs
38
What occurs due to bilateral cerebellar dysfunction?
Slowed slurred speech, bilateral incoordination of the arms and a staggering wide based gait (cerebral ataxia) Acute alcohol exposure typically results in bilateral cerebral hemisphere dysfunction and presents with cerebral ataxia
39
What are the basal ganglia and what is there role?
A number of masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere 1. Facilitate purposeful movement 2. Inhibit unwanted movements 3. Play a role in posture and muscle tone
40
What makes up the basal ganglia?
* Caudate nucleus * Putamen * Globus Pallidus * Subthalmic Nucleus * Substantia Nigra
41
What structures make up the striatum?
The caudate nucleus and putamen
42
What structures make up the Corpus Striatum?
Caudate Nucleus, Putamen and Globus Pallidus
43
What structures make up the Lenticular Nucleus?
Putamen and Globus Pallidus
44
What structures are highlighted here?
The substantia nigra
45
How do the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to enhance normal movement?
**Direct Pathway** Works to enhance the outflow of the thalamus, which enhances the desired movement
46
How do the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to supress unwanted movement?
Involves the subthalmic nucleus Inhibits the outflow of the thalamus
47
What side of the body do unilateral lesions to the basal ganglia affect?
The **Contralateral** side
48
What motor signs do lesions to the basal ganglia cause?
Changes in muscle tone Dyskinesis (abnormal involuntary movements): * Tremor (sinusoidal movements) * Chorea (rapid, asymetrical movements, affecting distal limb musculature) * Myoclonus (muscle jerks)
49
What disease is shown in this midbrain?
Parkinsons The dark colour of the substantia nigra disappears due to the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons
50
What signs does Parkinsons cause?
Akinesia, rigidity and resting tremor
51
What type of inheritence is Huntingtons disease?
Autosomal Dominant
52
Describe the Pathology and signs of Huntingtons
Pathology= progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex Signs= chorea and progressive dementia
53
What structure is highlighted here?
The olfactory bulb
54
What are the motor cranial nerves?
CNIII, IV, VI, XI, XII
55
What does the edinger-westphall nucleus do?
Supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the eye Constrics pupil, accomodating the lens, convergence of the eyes
56
What are the modalities of the occulomotor (CNIII) nerve?
Somatic motor and parasympathetic * Edinger-Westphall Nucleus (preganglionic parasympathetic neurons) * Occulomotor nucleus (somatic motor neurons)
57
What nuclei of CNVIII influence the eye muscles?
* Edinger-Westphal- parasympathetic * Sphincter Pupillae * Ciliary muscle * Occulomotor nucleus- somatic motor * Levator palpebrae superioris * SR, MR, IR, IO
58
What cranial nerves have mixed modalities?
CNs V, VII, IX, X
59
What are the Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei?
* Mesencephalic Nucleus * Propriception info from chewing muscles * Pontine Trigeminal Nucleus/ Principle Nucleus * Discriminitive touch, vibration * Spinal Nucleus * Pain, temperatue
60
What cranial nerves share the Solitary nucleus?
CNs VII, IX and X Taste and visceral sensory information
61
What cranial nerves share the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei?
CNs VII and IX Parasympathetic efferents to the ganglia of salivary glands and the pterygopalatine ganglion
62
What cranial nerves share the nucleus ambiguus?
CNs IX and X ( cranial part of XI) Motor efferents to pharynx, larynx and upper oesophagus
63
What is the reticular formation?
A set of interconnected nuclei located throughout the brainstem
64
Describe the tonopic organisation seen in the auditory cortex
Fibres that carry information related to low frequency sounds end in the anterolateral part of the auditory cortex Those carrying high frequency information end in the posteromedial part
65
Define Aphasia
Inability to use language
66
What is this area of the brain and what is its role?
Brocas area Responsible for generating speech
67
What occurs if Broca's area is damaged?
Patient will have difficulty producing language- often will only use a few words or the most important words in a sentence Do not usually have any difficulty comprehending language
68
What is the name of this region of the brain and what is it responsible for?
Wernicke's area Important for language development
69
What occurs if Wernicke's area is damaged?
Patients have difficulty comprehnding language Can have defects ranging from words out of order or speaking gibberish
70
Where is the primary visual cortex concentrated?
The calcarine sulcus
71
Describe the representation of the visual field on the visual cortex
The lower visual field is projected to the gyrus superior to the calcarine sulcus The upper visual field is projected to the gyrus inferior to the calcarine sulcus
72
Describe Meyers loop
Fibres from the geniculocalcarine tract initially form part of the internal capsule Those carrying visual information from the upper half of the visual field, first loop anteriorly around the temporal part of the lateral ventricle in Meyer's loop, ending below the calcarine sulcus
73
Describe the pupillary light reflex
Shine a light into the **right** eye The right pupil will constrict= direct light reflex Left pupil will also constrict= consensual light reflex
74
What are association fibres?
Bundles of axons (white matter tracts) that connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere
75
What are commisural fibres?
Connect one hemisphere to the other E.g. the corpus collosum
76
What are projection fibres?
Connect hemispheres to deeper structures including the thalamus, corpus striatum, brain stem and spinal cord

Neurology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions