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Neurology > Neuro Anatomy (Felts) > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy (Felts) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the Diencephalon?

A

The Thalmus and Hypothalmus

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2
Q

What structures make up the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
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3
Q

What are the 4 major types of Glial cells in the CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
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4
Q

What is the role of Astrocytes in the CNS?

A

Support

Maintenence of the blood-brain barrier

Environmental homeostasis

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5
Q

What cells are responsible for the production of myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

(Schwann cells in the PNS)

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6
Q

What is the structure shown?

A

Node of Ranvier

Periodic gap in the myelin sheath. Allows APs to jump from one node to the next.

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7
Q

What is the name of the immune and antigen presenting cells in the CNS?

A

Microglia

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8
Q

What are Ependymal cells?

A

Cells that line the ventricles of the CNS

Ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium

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9
Q

What is the difference between a fissure and a sulcus?

A

A fissure is deeper

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10
Q

Within the brain, where is grey and white matter found?

A

Grey matter on the outside

White matter in the medullary centre

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11
Q

Within the spinal cord, where is grey and white matter found?

A

Grey matter on the inside in an H shape

White matter on the outside

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12
Q

What does the insula do?

A

The insula plays an important role in the patient’s experience of pain

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13
Q

What are the layers of the meninges of the brain from superficial to deep?

A
  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid Mater
    • Subarachnoid space contains CSF
  • Pia Mater
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14
Q

How does blood from the brain drain?

A

Drains into a system of Dural Venous Sinuses

The dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein

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15
Q

What are the denticulate ligaments?

A

A ligament formed of pial and arachnoid tissue that anchor the spinal cord, along its length at each side, to the dura mater.

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16
Q

What are the lateral horns and at which spinal level are they found?

A

T1-L2

Contain the preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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17
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the spinal cord

A
  • 3 major longitudanal arteries- 1 anterior, 2 posterior. Origninate from vertebral arteries and run full length of cord
  • Segmental arteries- derived from vertebral, intercostal and lumbar arteries
  • Radicular arteries- travel along dorsal and ventral routes
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18
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

The space between the dura and the bone which contains adipose tissue and anterior and posterior epidural venous plexuses.

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19
Q

Describe Ascending tracts

A

Ascending tracts carry sensory information from the body to the brain. A good example is pain perception.

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20
Q

Describe descending tracts

A

Descending tracts carry motor instruction (e.g. to move the arm), down the spinal cord to the body

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21
Q

Give examples of ascending tracts

A

Dorsal Column (medial lemniscus system)

Spinothalamic Tract

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22
Q

What is the role of the Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscus System and where do the fibres cross?

A

Fine touch and proprioception

Fibres cross in the medulla

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23
Q

What is the role of the spinothalamic tract and where do the fibres cross?

A

Carries pain, temperature and deep pressure

Fibres cross segmentally

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24
Q

Does this region of the brain pick up sensory or motor signals?

A

Sensory

This image shows the sensory cortex located in the parietal lobe, just posterior to the central sulcus

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25
Q

Where is the motor cortex located?

A

An area of the frontal lobe, immediately amterior to the central sulcus

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26
Q

What is the role of the corticospinal/pyramidal tract?

A

Motor tract

Role in fine and precise movement, partcularly in the distal limb muscles (e.g. digits)

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27
Q

Describe what happens at the decussation of the pyramids in the medulla

A

Arount 85% of the fibres of the corticospinal tract cross at the caudal medulla at the decussation of the pyramids

Crossed fibres form the lateral CST

Uncrossed fibres form the ventral CST which cross segmentally

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28
Q

What are some of the motor tracts known collectively as the ‘extrapyramidal system’ and what do they do?

A
  • Tectospinal Tract- Mediate reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuli
  • Reticulospinal Tract- Influences voluntary movement and reflexes
  • Vestibulospinal Tract- Excitatory input to ‘antigravity’ extensor muscles
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29
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebellum?

A
  • Anterior lobe
  • Posterior Lobe
  • Flocculonodular Lobe
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30
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

A

Via 3 cerebellur peduncles- superior, middle (largest) and inferior

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31
Q

What is the ‘Arbor Vitae’?

A

‘Tree of Life’

The branching core of white matter in the cerebellum

32
Q

What are the layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

Molecular layer (outer)

Purkinje cell layer

Granule cell layer (inner)

33
Q

Where do afferent inputs to the cerebellum enter?

A

They enter via cerebral peduncles and project mainly into the granule cell layer

34
Q

In which layer of the cerebral cortex do efferent projections arise?

A

Purkinje layer

35
Q

True or False?

Cerebellar hemispheres influence the contralateral side of the body

A

False

They influence the Ipsilateral side

This means that lesions also lead to ipsilateral signs and symptoms

36
Q

What might occur due to a midline cerebellar lesion?

A

Disturbance of postural control

Patient will tend to fall over when standing or sitting depite preserved limb coordination

37
Q

What would a unilateral cerebellar lesion result in?

A

Disturbance of coordination in the limbs

38
Q

What occurs due to bilateral cerebellar dysfunction?

A

Slowed slurred speech, bilateral incoordination of the arms and a staggering wide based gait (cerebral ataxia)

Acute alcohol exposure typically results in bilateral cerebral hemisphere dysfunction and presents with cerebral ataxia

39
Q

What are the basal ganglia and what is there role?

A

A number of masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere

  1. Facilitate purposeful movement
  2. Inhibit unwanted movements
  3. Play a role in posture and muscle tone
40
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Globus Pallidus
  • Subthalmic Nucleus
  • Substantia Nigra
41
Q

What structures make up the striatum?

A

The caudate nucleus and putamen

42
Q

What structures make up the Corpus Striatum?

A

Caudate Nucleus, Putamen and Globus Pallidus

43
Q

What structures make up the Lenticular Nucleus?

A

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

44
Q

What structures are highlighted here?

A

The substantia nigra

45
Q

How do the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to enhance normal movement?

A

Direct Pathway

Works to enhance the outflow of the thalamus, which enhances the desired movement

46
Q

How do the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to supress unwanted movement?

A

Involves the subthalmic nucleus

Inhibits the outflow of the thalamus

47
Q

What side of the body do unilateral lesions to the basal ganglia affect?

A

The Contralateral side

48
Q

What motor signs do lesions to the basal ganglia cause?

A

Changes in muscle tone

Dyskinesis (abnormal involuntary movements):

  • Tremor (sinusoidal movements)
  • Chorea (rapid, asymetrical movements, affecting distal limb musculature)
  • Myoclonus (muscle jerks)
49
Q

What disease is shown in this midbrain?

A

Parkinsons

The dark colour of the substantia nigra disappears due to the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons

50
Q

What signs does Parkinsons cause?

A

Akinesia, rigidity and resting tremor

51
Q

What type of inheritence is Huntingtons disease?

A

Autosomal Dominant

52
Q

Describe the Pathology and signs of Huntingtons

A

Pathology= progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

Signs= chorea and progressive dementia

53
Q

What structure is highlighted here?

A

The olfactory bulb

54
Q

What are the motor cranial nerves?

A

CNIII, IV, VI, XI, XII

55
Q

What does the edinger-westphall nucleus do?

A

Supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the eye

Constrics pupil, accomodating the lens, convergence of the eyes

56
Q

What are the modalities of the occulomotor (CNIII) nerve?

A

Somatic motor and parasympathetic

  • Edinger-Westphall Nucleus (preganglionic parasympathetic neurons)
  • Occulomotor nucleus (somatic motor neurons)
57
Q

What nuclei of CNVIII influence the eye muscles?

A
  • Edinger-Westphal- parasympathetic
    • Sphincter Pupillae
    • Ciliary muscle
  • Occulomotor nucleus- somatic motor
    • Levator palpebrae superioris
    • SR, MR, IR, IO
58
Q

What cranial nerves have mixed modalities?

A

CNs V, VII, IX, X

59
Q

What are the Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei?

A
  • Mesencephalic Nucleus
    • Propriception info from chewing muscles
  • Pontine Trigeminal Nucleus/ Principle Nucleus
    • Discriminitive touch, vibration
  • Spinal Nucleus
    • Pain, temperatue
60
Q

What cranial nerves share the Solitary nucleus?

A

CNs VII, IX and X

Taste and visceral sensory information

61
Q

What cranial nerves share the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei?

A

CNs VII and IX

Parasympathetic efferents to the ganglia of salivary glands and the pterygopalatine ganglion

62
Q

What cranial nerves share the nucleus ambiguus?

A

CNs IX and X ( cranial part of XI)

Motor efferents to pharynx, larynx and upper oesophagus

63
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

A set of interconnected nuclei located throughout the brainstem

64
Q

Describe the tonopic organisation seen in the auditory cortex

A

Fibres that carry information related to low frequency sounds end in the anterolateral part of the auditory cortex

Those carrying high frequency information end in the posteromedial part

65
Q

Define Aphasia

A

Inability to use language

66
Q

What is this area of the brain and what is its role?

A

Brocas area

Responsible for generating speech

67
Q

What occurs if Broca’s area is damaged?

A

Patient will have difficulty producing language- often will only use a few words or the most important words in a sentence

Do not usually have any difficulty comprehending language

68
Q

What is the name of this region of the brain and what is it responsible for?

A

Wernicke’s area

Important for language development

69
Q

What occurs if Wernicke’s area is damaged?

A

Patients have difficulty comprehnding language

Can have defects ranging from words out of order or speaking gibberish

70
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex concentrated?

A

The calcarine sulcus

71
Q

Describe the representation of the visual field on the visual cortex

A

The lower visual field is projected to the gyrus superior to the calcarine sulcus

The upper visual field is projected to the gyrus inferior to the calcarine sulcus

72
Q

Describe Meyers loop

A

Fibres from the geniculocalcarine tract initially form part of the internal capsule

Those carrying visual information from the upper half of the visual field, first loop anteriorly around the temporal part of the lateral ventricle in Meyer’s loop, ending below the calcarine sulcus

73
Q

Describe the pupillary light reflex

A

Shine a light into the right eye

The right pupil will constrict= direct light reflex

Left pupil will also constrict= consensual light reflex

74
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Bundles of axons (white matter tracts) that connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere

75
Q

What are commisural fibres?

A

Connect one hemisphere to the other

E.g. the corpus collosum

76
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Connect hemispheres to deeper structures including the thalamus, corpus striatum, brain stem and spinal cord

Neurology (6 decks)

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