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EMS > Neuro Anatomy & Assessment CE > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy & Assessment CE Flashcards

1
Q

Protective covering of brain and spinal cord is called:

A

Meninges

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2
Q

Name types of meninges and relative location:

A

Dura mater (just below skull, tough mother); arachnoid mater; pia mater (comforting mother directly on brain)

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3
Q

falx cerebri

A

named from its sickle-like form, is a strong, arched fold of dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes

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5
Q

Name the 3 potential neurological spaces

A

Epidural; subdural; subarachnoid

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6
Q

sulcus (sulci)

A

depression or fissure in the surface of the brain

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7
Q

gyrus (gyri)

A

a ridge on the cerebral cortex generally surrounded by one or more sulci (depressions or furrows)

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8
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the brain

A

frontal; temporal; occipital; parietal

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9
Q

diencephalon responsible for:

A

autonomic visceral activities

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10
Q

diencephalon made up of:

A

the thalamus, the subthalamus, the hypothalamus and the epithalamus (and pituitary)

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11
Q

brain stem includes (3 structures):

A

medulla oblongata (myelencephalon), pons (part of metencephalon), and midbrain (mesencephalon)

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12
Q

brain stem responsible for:

A

main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves

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13
Q

midbrain responsible for:

A

vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation

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14
Q

medulla (oblongota) responsible for:

A

lower half of the brainstem; cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic, involuntary functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

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15
Q

pons is latin for:

A

bridge

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16
Q

pons responsible for:

A

white matter that includes tracts that conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus

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17
Q

pons location

A

cranial to the medulla oblongata, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum

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18
Q

cerebellum latin for:

A

little brain

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19
Q

cerebellum responsible for:

A

motor control

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20
Q

How much CSF produced daily

A

500mL

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21
Q

Standard constant vol of CSF is:

A

120-150mL

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22
Q

Pressure range of CSF:

A

75-180 mm/H2O

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23
Q

Abnormal accumulation of CSF is:

A

hydrocephalus

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24
Q

Most common cause of hydrocephalus:

A

CSF flow obstruction - hindering the free passage of cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricular system and subarachnoid space

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25
Q

communicating hydrocephalus

A

impaired cerebrospinal fluid resorption in the absence of any CSF-flow obstruction between the ventricles and subarachnoid space

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26
Q

non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

CSF-flow obstruction ultimately preventing CSF from flowing into the subarachnoid space (either due to external compression or intraventricular mass lesions)

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27
Q

CSF produced in the:

A

choroid plexus

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28
Q

CSF absorbed in the:

A

across the arachnoid villi into the venous circulation

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29
Q

Circle of Willis is:

A

a circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain (considerable anatomic variation exists)

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30
Q

Circle of Willis significant because:

A

if one artery blocked, others can feed into the circle and thus the rest of the brain without symptoms

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31
Q

What percentage of cardiac output is directed to cerebral blood flow?

A

15-20%

32
Q

Most likely location for aneurysm or subarachnoid bleed:

A

Circle of Willis

33
Q

Aphasia is:

A

inability to communicate

34
Q

loss of the ability to produce language:

A

expressive aphasia (Broca’s aphasia)

35
Q

inability to understand, but able to speak:

A

receptive aphasia (Wernicke’s or sensory aphasia)

36
Q

Inability to recognize familiar objects (i.e. visual, auditory, or tactile)

A

agnosia

37
Q

Inability to do simple tasks (i.e. brush teeth or hair)

A

apraxia

38
Q

loss of intellectual abilities or cognitive function

A

dementia

39
Q

Grading motor ability on scale of:

A

0 to 5

40
Q

Motor ability grade 0

A

No movement

41
Q

Motor ability grade 1

A

Flicker of contraction

42
Q

Motor ability grade 2

A

Movement without gravity

43
Q

Motor ability grade 3

A

Movement against gravity

44
Q

Motor ability grade 4

A

Movement against resistance

45
Q

Motor ability grade 5

A

Full strength movement

46
Q

dermatome landmark: shoulder

A

C5

47
Q

dermatome landmark: thumb

A

C6

48
Q

dermatome landmark: little finger

A

C8/T1

49
Q

dermatome landmark: nipple line

A

T4

50
Q

dermatome landmark: umbilicus

A

T10

51
Q

dermatome landmark: groin

A

T12

52
Q

dermatome landmark: knee

A

L3

53
Q

dermatome landmark: foot

A

L5

54
Q

Number and types of vertebrae:

A

Approx 33 total: C7, T12, L5, S5 (fused), C3-5 (fused)

55
Q

Move ____ to ____ during neuro exam.

A

Head to foot.

56
Q

Brown-Séquard syndrome is:

A

Loss pain/temp sensation on 1 side body; loss of motor on other side.

57
Q

Brown-Séquard syndrome (hemiplegia) caused by:

A

lateral hemisection of spinal cord

58
Q

anterior cord syndrome is:

A

loss of mvmt and pain sensation while retaining proprioception and vibratory sensation

59
Q

proprioception

A

sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement

60
Q

exteroception

A

one perceives the outside world

61
Q

interoception

A

one perceives pain, hunger, etc., and the movement of internal organs

62
Q

Early Signs ICP (name 5)

A

LOC changes subtly (reassess if GCS dec by 2 or more); Headache (increasing intensity and/or not relieved); Facial Palsy; Pupil changes; Vomiting

63
Q

Late Signs ICP

A

Posturing (flexion or extension); Cushing’s Triad (Vital Signs - BP, RR; HR); Abnormal respirations; Pahologic or loss of protective reflexes

64
Q

Why is INITIAL GCS SUPER IMPORTANT!!?

A

Influences treatment decisions and guides recovery predictions

65
Q

Stroke sole of foot and toes spread (normal up to age 2) = ? reflex

A

Babinski Reflex

66
Q

Put fingers pt palm -> pt grab fingers

A

Grab reflex: Not indication of improvement. “Squeeze my hand twice.”

67
Q

thigh is bent at the hip and knee at 90 degree angles, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance)

A

Kernig’s Sign (meningitis)

68
Q

Forced flexion of the neck elicits a reflex flexion of the hips (knees draw up)

A

Brudzinski’s Sign ( meningitis, subarachnoid haemorrhage and possibly encephalitis)

69
Q

Level of consciousness triggered by ?

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS) - responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions

70
Q

Levels of mental alertness (RAS?)

A

Confusion; Lethargy; Obtundation; Stupor; Coma

71
Q

Obtundation

A

less than full mental capacity in pt, typically result of a med condition or trauma. (obtund = dulled or less sharp)

72
Q

Stupor

A

lack of critical cognitive function and LOC wherein sufferer almost entirely unresponsive (responds to base stimuli i.e. pain)

73
Q

Progression of neurological compromise

A

Lose Reflex, then Sensory, then Motor

74
Q

Doll’s Eyes also called:

A

Oculocephalic Reflex or the Vestibulo-ocular Reflex

75
Q

Doll’s Eyes indicates what?

A

Intact brain stem

76
Q

Cold Calorics / Caloric Reflex Test

A

test of the vestibulo-ocular reflex; can be used to test for brain stem death; cold water in ear and eyes turn toward that ear (conscious pt’s can puke)

EMS (13 decks)

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