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Anatomy > Neuro Anatomy > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

which cranial fossa does the brainstem lie in

A

posterior cranial fossa

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2
Q

name the 3 parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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3
Q

embryologically, which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem

A

mesencephalon - midbrain

rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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4
Q

what are the cavities of the ventricular system that lie within the brainstem

A

the cerebral aqueduct and the 4th ventricle

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5
Q

which 3 cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction

A

abducens (VI), facial (VII), vestibulococholear (VIII)

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6
Q

which cranial nerve emerging from the pontomedullary junction has the longest intracranial course

A

abducens nerve (CN VI)

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7
Q

what are the pyramids of the medulla

A

descending motor fibres

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8
Q

what is the significance of the decussation of the pyramids of the medulla

A

this is where the descending motor fibres cross over to the contralateral side

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9
Q

what is contained in the olive of the medulla

A

the olivary nucleus

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10
Q

what structure does the inferior “closed” part of the medulla open into

A

the 4th ventricle

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11
Q

through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

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12
Q

what kind of fibres make up the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

centripetal fibres

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13
Q

what part of the brain lies immediately superior to the midbrain

A

diencephalon

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14
Q

what kind of fibres make up the cerebral peduncles and where are they destined for

A

efferent motor fibres destined for the lower motor neurone synapses in the spinal cord

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15
Q

what two structures make up the diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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16
Q

what are the surface projections visible on the surface of the hypothalamus called

A

mammillary bodies

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17
Q

what is the name given to the midline structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres

A

the vermis

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18
Q

what structures make up the cerebellum

A

anterior lobe, posterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe

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19
Q

to what parts of the brain is the cerebellum connected to by its peduncles

A

superior cerebral peduncles - midbrain
middle cerebral peduncles - pons
inferior cerebral peduncles - medulla

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20
Q

what is the name of the ventricular space that lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum

A

the 4th ventricle

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21
Q

what is cerebellar coning

A

when the cerebellar tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum due to a sudden drop in intracranial pressure

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22
Q

what is the name given to the large fissure separating the two hemispheres

A

the median longitudinal fissure

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23
Q

what is the name of the fold of dura mater which covers over the cerebellum that the cerebral hemispheres sit on posteriorly

A

the tentorium cerebelli

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24
Q

which lobe contains the primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe - area 4

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25
Q

which lobe contains the primary visual cortex

A

occipital lobe - area 17

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26
Q

which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex

A

parietal lobe - area 1,2,3

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27
Q

which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe - superior temporal gyrus

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28
Q

at what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults and newborns

A

adults - L1 / L2

newborn - L3 / L4

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29
Q

at what vertebral level do the dura mater and arachnoid mater terminate

A

S2

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30
Q

what happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord

A

forms the filum terminale - a fibrous ligament

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31
Q

at what vertebral level would you perform a lumbar puncture on an adult and how would you position the patient in order to gain access to the lumbar cistern

A

L3-L4

in the foetal position to separate the vertebrae as much as possible

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32
Q

what clinical signs are upper motor neurone lesions generally characterised by

A

spasticity, an increased muscle tone, complex sensory syndromes

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33
Q

what clinical signs are lower motor neurone lesions generally characterised by

A

global sensory changes and flaccid paralysis

34
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

a circle of anastomosing arteries which supply the blood to the brain

35
Q

from which arteries do the L and R vertebral arteries arise

A

subclavian artery

36
Q

at what vertebral level do the L and R internal carotid arteries arise

A

C4

37
Q

in which fissure of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery travel

A

longitudinal fissure

38
Q

in which fissure of the brain does the middle cerebral artery travel

A

lateral (sylvian) fissure

39
Q

in which fissure of the brain does the inferior cerebral artery travel

A

calcarine fissure

40
Q

what veins drain into the cavernous sinus

A

superior and inferior ophthalamic veins

41
Q

what fluid circulates in the subarachnoid space

A

CSF

42
Q

what structure separates the cerebral hemispheres

A

the falx cerebri

43
Q

to what bony structure does the falx cerebra attach to anteriorly

A

crista galli

44
Q

which dural venous sinus runs within the upper border of the falx cerebri

A

superior sagittal sinus

45
Q

to what bony points does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to

A

posterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone

46
Q

which dural venous sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium

A

straight sinus

47
Q

what is the fold of dura that surrounds the pituitary stalk called

A

diaphragma sellae

48
Q

which branch of the maxillary artery supplies the dura mater

A

middle meningeal artery

49
Q

through which foramen in the skull does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranial cavity

A

foramen spinosum

50
Q

what embryological structures are the ventricles within the brain formed from

A

the neural canal - the centre of the neural tube

51
Q

in which lobes of the brain do the horns and body of the lateral ventricle lie

A

anterior horn - frontal
body - parietal
posterior horn - occipital
inferior horn - temporal

52
Q

what is the name given to the specialised structures that lie in the ventricles that generate CSF

A

choroid plexus

53
Q

at what location is the CSF finally reabsorbed back into the general circulation

A

across the arachnoid villi

54
Q

what kind of fibres pass through the corpus callosum

A

commissural fibres

55
Q

what are the four parts of the corpus callosum

A

rostrum - genu - body - splenium

56
Q

what is the septum pellucidum

A

a thin sheet which lies in the mid-saggital plane and separates the anterior horns of the two lateral ventricles

57
Q

what is the fornix

A

a bundle of fibres which links the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

58
Q

list 6 functions of the hypothalamus

A
  1. controls release of hormones to the pituitary gland
  2. controls body temp
  3. controls hunger and thirst
  4. controls sexual behaviour
  5. controls circadian rhythm
  6. mediation of emotional responses
59
Q

name 2 structures that together constitute the basal ganglia (nuclei)

A

caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus

60
Q

what is the name of the fibres that connect the cerebral hemispheres with other parts of the brain

A

projection fibres

61
Q

which cerebral artery through one of its branches supplies the internal capsule

A

the middle cerebral artery

62
Q

what are the features used to identify spinal cord from the cervical region

A

wide
oval shaped
little grey matter
lots of white matter

63
Q

what are the features used to identify spinal cord from the thoracic region

A

wide
oval shaped
lateral horns present in grey matter

64
Q

what are the features used to identify spinal cord from the lumbar region

A

circular
lots of grey matter
some white matter

65
Q

what are the features used to identify spinal cord from the sacral region

A

circular
lots of grey matter
very little white matter

66
Q

which aspect of the spinal cord receives sensory nerve fibres

A

dorsal horn

67
Q

from which aspect of the spinal cord do motor nerve fibres project

A

ventral horn

68
Q

which opening in the base of the skull does CN I pass through

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

69
Q

which opening in the base of the skull does CN II pass through

A

optic canal

70
Q

which opening in the base of the skull do CN III, IV, V1, and VI pass through

A

superior orbital fissure

71
Q

which opening in the base of the skull does CN V2 pass through

A

foramen rotundum

72
Q

which opening in the base of the skull does CN V3 pass through

A

foramen ovale

73
Q

which opening in the base of the skull does CN VII and VIII pass through

A

internal acoustic meatus

74
Q

which opening in the base of the skull do CN IX, X and XI pass through

A

jugular foramen

75
Q

which opening in the base of the skull does CN XII pass through

A

hypoglossal canal

76
Q

which of the cranial nerves have a parasympathetic component

A

VII, IX, X

77
Q

which of the cranial nerves originate from the cerebrum

A

I and II

78
Q

which cranial nerve originates from the midbrain, and which from the pons

A

midbrain - IV

pons - V

79
Q

which is the only cranial nerve to arise from the posterior aspect of the brain

A

IV

80
Q

which cranial nerves originate from the ponto-medullary junction

A

VI, VII, VIII

81
Q

which cranial nerves originate from the medulla

A

IX, X, XI, XII

82
Q

which cranial nerve originates from the midbrain-pontine junction

A

III

Anatomy (3 decks)

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