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Anatomy > GI Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 9 regions of the abdomen

A

R and L hypochondriac, epigastric, R and L lumbar, umbilical, R and L iliac, and hypogastric

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2
Q

name the 3 flat muscles

A

external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

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3
Q

name the 2 vertical muscles

A

pyramidalis and rectus abdominis

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4
Q

what are the actions of the external oblique muscles

A

contralateral rotation of torso

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5
Q

what are the actions of the internal oblique muscles

A

ipsilateral rotation of torso

also an accessory muscle of respiration

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6
Q

what are the actions of the transversus abdominis

A

compression of ribs and abdominal viscera to provide stability

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7
Q

what nerves innervate the flat muscles

A

thoracoabdominal n. T7-11
subcostal n. T12
branches of lumbar plexus L1 (IO and TA only)

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8
Q

what are the actions of the pyramidalis muscles

A

tense the linea alba

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9
Q

what are the actions of the rectus abdominis

A

flexing the lumbar spine and compression of abdominal viscera

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10
Q

what is the arrangement of the rectus sheath above the umbilicus

A

aponeuroses go half in front and half behind the rectus abdominis

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11
Q

what is the arrangement of the rectus sheath below the umbilicus

A

all aponeuroses pass in front of the rectus

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12
Q

what is the rectus sheath and what muscles is it made up of

A

aponeurosis that encloses the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis
made up of the transversus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique

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13
Q

what is an aponeurosis

A

variant of deep fascia; a sheet of fibrous tissue that anchors muscle

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14
Q

at what vertebral level is the position of the umbilicus on the abdominal wall

A

L3 / L4

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15
Q

what is the linea alba

A

the midline band of connective tissue separating the 2 parallel rectus abdominis muscles

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16
Q

the inguinal ligament is attached to which two bony points if the hip bone

A

pubic tubercle and anterior superior iliac spine

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17
Q

what are the epigastric vessels branches of superiorly and inferiorly

A

superiorly: the internal thoracic arteries
inferiorly: the external iliac arteries

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18
Q

list the contents of the inguinal canal in a male

A
  1. spermatic cord
  2. ilioinguinal nerve
  3. genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
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19
Q

list the contents of the inguinal canal in a female

A
  1. round ligament
  2. ilioinguinal nerve
  3. genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
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20
Q

what is a hernia

A

a protrusion of an organ or fascia through the wall of a cavity that normally contains it

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21
Q

where is protective mucosa found in the GI tract

A

oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal

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22
Q

where is secretory mucosa found in the GI tract

A

stomach only

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23
Q

where is absorptive mucosa found in the GI tract

A

small intestines

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24
Q

where is absorptive/protective mucosa found in the GI

A

large intestine

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25
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

a transparent serous membrane that covers the body wall and organs

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26
Q

define the term peritoneal cavity

A

a potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum that contains a small amount of lubricating factor

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27
Q

through which passage do the greater and lesser sacs communicate

A

epiploic foramen
or
omental foramen

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28
Q

what does it mean if an organ is intraperitoneal

A

the organ is completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum

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29
Q

what does it mean if an organ is retroperitoneal

A

the organ is only covered on its anterior surface and therefore firmly attached to the posterior wall

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30
Q

which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain and temperature

A

parietal (somatic nerve supply)

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31
Q

what are the attachments of the greater omentum

A

greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

32
Q

what are the attachments of the lesser omentum

A

liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and first part of the duodenum

33
Q

what are the three major openings in the diaphragm and at what vertebral levels do they occur

A 
vena caval hiatus (T8)
oesophageal hiatus (T10)
aortic hiatus (T12)
34
Q

what are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta supplying blood to the gut tube within the abdominopelvic cavity

A
  1. coeliac trunk
  2. superior mesenteric artery
  3. inferior mesenteric artery
35
Q

at what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into the 2 common iliac arteries

A

L4

36
Q

what is a portal system

A

a system of blood vessels with a capillary network at each end

37
Q

the portal vein is formed by the union of which 2 major veins of the abdominal cavity

A

superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

38
Q

what is the clinical significance of the portocaval anastomoses

A

they provide alternative routes of circulation when there is blockage in the liver or portal vein, therefore ensuring venous blood from the GIT still reaches the IVC

39
Q

what is a vagotomy and what is it used to treat

A

a surgical operation where 1 or more branches of the vagus nerve are cut in order to reduce the rate of gastric secretion
used to treat peptic ulcers

40
Q

what is the functional difference between the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves and the pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

greater, lesser and least and sympathetic

pelvis are parasympathetic

41
Q

what is the chief difference in the arrangement of ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

sympathetic nerves synapse in a ganglion outside the viscera

parasympathetic nerves synapse inside the viscera

42
Q

what is the anterior-to-posterior arrangement of the structures entering and leaving the hilum of the kidney

A

vein - artery - ureter

43
Q

how are the kidneys peritonised

A

partially peritonised because the whole of the anterior surface is not covered by a viscera but instead, other retroperitoneal viscera lie against it

44
Q

what are the ureters

A

muscular ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

45
Q

list the structures that go through the oesophageal hiatus

A
  1. oesophagus
  2. vagus nerve
  3. L inferior phrenic nerve
  4. oesophageal arteries
46
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter, and what is its function

A

a thin, circular band of visceral (smooth) muscle surrounding the pyloric opening
controls the exit of chyme into the duodenum

47
Q

what are the gastric folds / rugae formed from and what is their function

A

mucosa and submucosa

unfold to accommodate stretching of the stomach

48
Q

in what portions of the stomach are the rugae most apparent

A

greater curvature and pyloric region

49
Q

what is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on the pylorus and on gastric secretion

A

pylorus: increased pyloric opening

gastric secretion: increases

50
Q

where is the foregut/midgut boundary in the small intestine

A

the major duodenal papilla (where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum)

51
Q

list 5 features that distinguish the large intestine from the small intestine

A
  1. no circular folds
  2. no villi
  3. taenia coli present
  4. epiploic appendages (fatty tags) present
  5. hostra (pouches) present
52
Q

which two structures open into the cavity of the caecum

A

ileum and appendix

53
Q

what is McBurney’s point and why is it clinically useful

A 
the point over the R side of the abdomen that roughly corresponds to the most common location of the base of the appendix
deep tenderness ('McBurney's sign) is characteristic of acute appendicitis
54
Q

what is the role of pelvic floor muscles in maintaining faecal continence

A

pelvic floor muscles contract, internal organs are lifted, anal sphincter tightens

55
Q

what is the falciform ligament and what structures lie within its free border

A

a ligament separating the R and L lobes of the liver

the round ligament and paraumbilical veins lie in its free border

56
Q

what structure in the free edge of the falciform ligament is a remnant of an embryonic blood vessel and what is the name of this embryonic blood vessel

A

round ligament is remnant of the foetal umbilical vein

57
Q

why is the greater omentum often called the abdominal policeman

A

physically limits the spread of intraperitoneal infections

it is often found wrapped around areas of infection and trauma

58
Q

what are the paracolic gutters and where are they found

A

spaces between the colon and abdominal wall

found lateral to the colon on both sides

59
Q

what is the clinical significance of the paracolic gutters

A

bile, pus or blood released from viscera anywhere may run along these gutters and collect far from the origin

60
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the oesophagus

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous

61
Q

what are the large folds extending into the lumen of the stomach called

A

plicae circularis (muscular folds)

62
Q

what kind of epithelium is found in the stomach

A

simple columnar

63
Q

does the spleen move with respiration

A

yes, spleen descends on inspiration

64
Q

name the structures in the hilum of the spleen

A
  1. splenic artery
  2. splenic vein
  3. gastric lymphatic vessels
65
Q

what would happen if the pancreatic tail was damaged during a splenectomy

A

the patient may develop diabetes

66
Q

what are the 4 functions of the spleen

A
  1. storage of RBCs, WBCs and platelets
  2. filtration of RBCs
  3. active immune response to infection
  4. phagocytosis
67
Q

what is the ‘bare area’ of the liver bare of

A

peritoneum

68
Q

name 3 structures present in the porta hepatis

A
  1. hepatic portal vein
  2. hepatic artery
  3. hepatic duct
69
Q

where is bile produced

A

hepatocytes within the liver

70
Q

where is bile stored and concentrated

A

the gall bladder

71
Q

what is the function of bile

A

to emulsify and allow absorption of fats

72
Q

what are the boundaries of Carlot’s triangle and which artery does it contain

A

cystic duct, common hepatic duct, inferior surface of the liver
contains the cystic artery

73
Q

what are the 3 main histological features of the pancreas

A
  1. islets of langerhans composed of clumps of small poorly stained cells
  2. pure serous acini composed of large strongly stained cells
  3. small lobules surrounded by connective tissue septa
74
Q

what is the main contents of the white pulp and red pulp in the spleen

A

white pulp - lymphoid aggregations

red pulp - highly vascular tissue

75
Q

does the liver move with respiration

A

yes, descends on inspiration

76
Q

which costal cartilage is the surface marking of the gall bladder

A

9th

77
Q

which ribs are related to the spleen

A

9th and 11th

Anatomy (3 decks)

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