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Year 3 > Neuro anatomy > Flashcards

Neuro anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Bodies info relay station
All info (except smell) is processed here before being sent to the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Two way tract for transmission of information to and from the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Where does sensory info from below T6 synapse first?

A

Fasiculus gracillis

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4
Q

Where does sensory info from above T6 synapse first?

A

Faciculus Cuneatus

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5
Q

What nerve is damaged if corneal reflex/blink is absent

A

Opthalmic

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6
Q

What foramina does the opthalmic nerve pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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7
Q

Gag reflex is which nerve and which foramen does it pass through?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)- jugular foramen

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8
Q
A
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8
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

A palsy of the facial nerve (CN VII) causes unilateral facial weakness
Tx- pred

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9
Q

What does the facial nerve pass through

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

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10
Q

Damage to what portion of the thalamus would affect facial sensation?

A

Ventral posteromedial nucleus

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11
Q

Describe Alzheimer’s

A

Caused by cortical plaque deposition due to abnormal aggregation of tau protein
Signs/symptoms- misplacing items, difficulty remembering new things but can recall earlier memories

Ix- atrophy of brain sulci on CT

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12
Q

Where does the maxillary nerve pass through the sphenoid bone?

A

foramen rotundum

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13
Q

What can B12 deficiency cause?

A

Damage of the dorsal columns and corticospinal tracts so affect light touch, vibration and proprioception

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14
Q

What nerve innervates the carotid body and sinus?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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15
Q

Describe the flow of CSF through the ventricles

A

Two lateral ventricles drain into 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramina

Then to 4th ventricle via:

Foramen of Magendie into cisterna magna (between cerebellum and medulla) -> subarachnoid space

Laterally via foramina of Luschka into cerebellopontine angle cistern (between pons and cerebellum)

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16
Q

State how rootlets become rami

A

At each segment of the spinal cord dorsal and ventral rootlets arise

Then become anterior and posterior roots

Then join to become a mixed spinal nerve

Then divide into anterior and posterior rami

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17
Q

What do posterior rami supply

A

The posterior body wall

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18
Q

What do anterior rami supply

A

Anterolateral body wall

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19
Q

What innervation do anterior roots always carry?

A

Motor innervation

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20
Q

What innervation do posterior roots always carry?

A

Sensory innervation

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21
Q

What innervation do spinal nerves carry?

A

Mixed modalities
- general sensory to all structures
-somatic motor to skeletal muscles
-sympathetic nerve supply to skin -smooth muscles of arterioles

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22
Q

Where does sympathetic supply exit?

A

T1-L2 only thoracolumbar through anterior root onto sympathetic chain then rides on arteries to head and neck.

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23
Q

What are the two major ateries of blood supply to the brain?

A

Internal Carotid and vertebral arteries

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24
Q

Which foramina does the vertebral artery pass?

A

Foramen Magnum

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25
Q

What provides blood to the dura mater?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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26
Q

In a third nerve palsy where is the lesion?

A

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm located in the circle of willis

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27
Q

What is a non-epileptic attack disorder?

A

A seizure not caused by abnormal brain electrical activity but psychological stress.

Key features- pelvic thrusting, head movements, closed eyes, post-ictal weeping

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28
Q

What does the anterior spinothalamic tract carry?

A

Crude touch and pressure

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29
Q

What does the lateral spinothalamic tract carry?

A

Carries sensation of pain and temp

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30
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinating movement and balance

31
Q

Where does the cerebellum get its input from?

A

Motor cortex, brainstem, somatosensory system

32
Q

What does the basal ganglia help do?

A

Facilitate wanted and inhibit unwanted movements

33
Q

Which vessel is damaged in an extradural haematoma?

A

Middle meningeal artery

34
Q

Which vessel is damaged in a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Anterior/middle cerebral arteries

35
Q

Where does a extradural haemorrhage occur?

A

Between the dura and the skull

36
Q

Where does a subdural haematoma occur?

A

Between dura mater and arachnoid mater

37
Q

Where does a subarachnoid haemorrhage occur?

A

Between arachnoid and pia mater

38
Q

What does a subdural haematoma look like on CT?

A

Cresent shaped hyperdense lesion

39
Q

What muscles make up the erector spinae

A

Illiocostalis+longissiumus+spinalis

40
Q

What would happen following occlusion of the basilar artery?

A

Bilateral loss of corticospinal tracts.

41
Q

What is the role of the medial longitudinal fasciculus?

A

Myelinated fibre tract in the brainstem which acts as the central connection for the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abducens nerve. Carries info about the direction the eyes should move.

42
Q

How does internuclear ophthalmoplegia present?

A

Ipsilateral impairment of the adducting eye and nystagmus in the abducting eye on contralateral gaze

43
Q

What are the vertebral arteries a branch of?

A

Subclavian arteries

44
Q

What is the middle cerebral artery a branch of?

A

Internal carotid

45
Q

What supplies the skin over the angle of the mandible and part of the external ear?

A

Great auricular nerve C2,3

46
Q

Flexion of the fingers is which myotome?

A

C8

47
Q

Extension of the fingers is which myotome?

A

C7

48
Q

Ab/adduction of the fingers is which myotome?

A

T1

49
Q

Flexion of the wrist is which myotome?

A

C6,7

50
Q

Extension of the wrist is which myotome?

A

C7,8

51
Q

Flexion of the hip joint is which myotome?

A

L2,3

52
Q

Extension of the hip joint is which myotome?

A

L5,S1

53
Q

What nerves arise from the pons?

A

CN 5,6,7,8

54
Q

Function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Excites flexor muscles and inhibits extensor muscles, primarily of upper body

55
Q

Which mechanoreceptors sense stabbing pain?

A

Alpha delta- thick myelinated

56
Q

Which mechanoreceptors sense slow, throbbing pain?

A

C-fibres- unmyelinated

57
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture taken from?

A

Between L3 and L4 within the subarachnoid space

58
Q

Where does the dural sac terminate?

A

S2

59
Q

What is Wernicke’s area supplied by?

A

Inferior division of the left MCA

60
Q

What does morphine bind to?

A

µ receptors (Mu) in CNS

61
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A

Myelination in peripheral nervous system

62
Q

How does neurogenic shock arise?

A

Cervical/high thoracic injuries above T6. Symp outflow from T1-L2 so disrupts this leading to unopposed parasymp tone = hypotension and bradycardia

63
Q

What nerve is involved in plantar flexion and foot eversion?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve

64
Q

What is babinski sign positive in?

A

Corticospinal tract lesion

65
Q

How does the internal carotid form?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk -> right common carotid -> right internal carotid

66
Q

What is the blood supply to the brain?

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

67
Q

What do the R+L vertebral arteries branch from?

A

Subclavian arteries

68
Q

Roots of the axillary nerve

A

C5,C6

69
Q

Roots of the median nerve

A

C5-T1

70
Q

Roots of the ulnar nerve

A

C8-T1

71
Q

Roots of the femoral nerve

A

L2-L4

72
Q

Cauda equina nerve roots?

A

L1-L5

73
Q

Decreased sensation in 1st webspace?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

74
Q

Eversion of foot?

A

Common Peroneal

75
Q

Dorsiflexion of ankle?

A

Deep fibular/peroneal nerve

76
Q

Loss of sensation to sole of foot?

A

Tibial

Year 3 (12 decks)

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