Neuro A&P Flashcards
Telodendria
the fibers at the end of the axon with a button at the end
Axon Hillock
funneling pathway for electrochemical messages
Frontal Lobe
associated with reasoning, planning, speech movement, emotions, and problem-solving
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes
makes proteins
Ischemic / Thrombosis
“traditional” stroke caused by clogged artery
Transient Ischemic Attack
mini warning stroke
Subthalamus
houses the nuclei whose fibers project in many areas
Hemorrhage
rupturing of the blood vessel
the warning signs of a stroke
- numbness or weakness in the face, arms, or leg
- trouble speaking / understanding
- trouble walking; dizziness
- A severe and sudden headache
Aneurysm
a balloon in the blood vessel caused by high pressure resulting from a blockage
Cerebrum
-gray matter superior to white matter
Central Nervous System
the brain and the spinal cord
Satellite Cells
PNS
in prenatal development, these cells direct the neurons to locals of the body
Golgi Apparatus
a delivery system for protein and waste removal
Occipital Lobe
primary visual cortex
Corpus Callosum
a thick band of neural fibers connecting the hemispheres
Wernicke`s area/aphasia
The understanding of language.
- fluent speech that lacks syntactic structure
- words don`t make sense and may contain neologisms
Vertebral Basilar System
The vertebral artery merges to form the basilar artery and joins back together at the circle of Willis.
PCA
Lateral Sulcus
divides the temporal and frontal/parietal lobes
Central Sulcus
divides the frontal and parietal lobes
Oligodendrites
CNS
produce myelin
Neuroglia Cells
support and protect nerve cells
Broadmann`s area 1-3
primary sensory cortex
Longitudinal Fissure
divides the left and right hemisphere
Broca`s area/aphasia
- the nonfluent halting of ungrammatical speech
- the difficulty with naming but may be able to produce initial sounds
- strong auditory comprehension
Broadmann`s area 4
primary motor cortex
Astrocytes
CNS
connective tissue that links the nerve cells to blood vessels and forms the blood and brain barrier as well as supports the development of neurons
Cerebellum
coordination of motor movements and regulation of equilibrium and body posture
Areas of the frontal lobe
prefrontal
premotor
motor cortex
Axon
efferent motor based pathway
Parietal Lobe damage
dominant (left) side = issues with language comprehension
non-dominant side = issues with spatial orientation, selective attention, visual neglect
Parietal Lobe
perception of all sensory information
Brodmann’s Area 41-42
primary auditory cortex
Broadmann`s area 17
primary visual cortex
Ependymal Cells
CNS
the lining of the CSF filled ventricles of the brain and spinal cord
Hypothalamus
- autonomic and endocrine
- pituitary gland
- emotional behavior
- regulation of body temperature, hunger response, sexual behavior, and sleep pattern
Microglia
CNS
Scavenger and cleaner cells
Epithalamus
pineal gland - regulation of circadian rhythm
Carotid Vascular System
ACA
MCA
common carotid
Temporal Lobe
associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli = understanding of spoken language
Arcuate Fasciculus
bundle of white matter fibers that connect Brocas and Wernickes areas
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Midbrain
the link between the cerebral hemisphere, CNS, and PNS
Pons
descending motor fibers and ascending sensory fibers
Medulla
descending motor fibers and ascending sensory fibers
Corpus Striatum
putamen
caudate
globus pallidus
Lentiform
globus pallidus
putamen
Striatum
putamen
caudate nucleus
Thalamus
- the gray matter that lies on either side of the third ventricle
- relays sensory input for conscious awareness
- perception of crude aspects of pain, temp, and touch
Active transport
ion pumps move sodium and potassium ions against the gradient
Oral Apraxia
the deficit in the ability to perform nonspeech oral gestures
Dyspraxia
dysfunction of motor planning in absence of muscular weakness
UUMN Dysarthria
Spastic signs contralateral for tongue and lower facial muscles
Hypertonia
increased muscle tone
Hyperreflexia
loss of inhibition of reflexes
Spastic Dysarthria
caused by bilateral damage to the upper motor neurons of direct and indirect pathways
Fasciculations
twitching
Hypotonia
low muscle tone
Flaccid Dysarthria
low muscle tone caused by damage to lower motor neurons
Dysarthria
any disorder arising from paralysis, muscular weakness, and or discoordination of speech muscles
Golgi Tendon Organs
sense muscle tension
Neurotransmitter
a substance that causes either excitation or inhibition of another neuron
Axon Charging
myelin = negative nodes = positive
Aphasia
disruption of language
Channel Proteins
passive transport allows specific ions to pass through the membrane of a cell
Voltage sensitive proteins
passive transport gate keepers that open to adequate electrical stimuli
Concentration Gradient
Used in ABR test
When charged particles move they create an electrical current that can be measured
Electrochemical Gradient
established using electrical charge and molecule density
Synapse
the point of union between neurons
Autonomic Nervous System
provides neural control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular secretory cells or a combination of these
