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Equine Med > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

2 brain regions involved in mental status

A
  • thalamocortex

- reticular activation system

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2
Q

2 places for CSF collection

A
  • Lumbosacral space

- atlanto-occipital space

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3
Q

Lumbosacral space CSF collection landmarks

A

Btw cr. aspect of tubersacrale andcd aspect of tuber coxae

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4
Q

Landmarks for atlanto-occipital space CSF collection

A
  • flex nexk

- 5cm cr to cr borders of wings of atlas

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5
Q

What is eval in CSF

A
  • protein level
  • nucleated cell count
  • Equine protozoal myeloencephalopathy
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6
Q

Cerebellar signs

A
  • truncal ataxia
  • hypermetria
  • nystagmus
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7
Q

Steps in gait analysis

A
  • walking straight normally
  • walk with head elev
  • tight and wide turns
  • backing up
  • tail pull
  • +/- obstacle course
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8
Q

Trauma

  • common places
  • leads to
  • tx
A
  • poll injury, calvarium
  • hemorrhage into midbrain, brainstem, and/or gutteral pouches
  • stabilize, NSAID/corticosteroid, control seizures
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9
Q

Gutteral pouch dz

- cause

A
  • infection (fungal, bac)
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10
Q

Temporohyoid osteopathy

  • what
  • cause
  • dx
  • tx
A
  • fusion of stylohoid to petrous-temporal bone (guttural pouch dz)
  • unknown cause, degenerative
  • endoscopy, imaging
  • ceratohyoidectomy
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11
Q

EEE/WEE/VEE dx options

A
  • HI
  • fluorescent antibody
  • complement
  • ELISA
  • PCR
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12
Q

Eastern equine encephalitis

  • hosts
  • pathogenesis
  • 3 major outcomes
  • dx
  • PM
  • esp targets which brain areas
A
  • birds, mosq -> horses incidental
  • replicate in LN –> hema spread
  • subclinical, generalized febrile illness, encephalomyelitis (has 2nd fever)
  • BW, CSF (inc protein, incr cells), serology, IgM, PM
  • necrotizing encephalitis, neuron necrosis, perivascular cuffing, grey > white affected
  • ## targets cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus
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13
Q

Eastern equine encephalitis

  • hosts
  • pathogenesis
  • 3 major outcomes
  • dx
  • PM
  • esp targets which brain areas
  • tx
  • control
A
  • birds, mosq -> horses incidental
  • replicate in LN –> hema spread
  • subclinical, generalized febrile illness, encephalomyelitis (has 2nd fever)
  • BW, CSF (inc protein, incr cells), serology, IgM, PM
  • necrotizing encephalitis, neuron necrosis, perivascular cuffing, grey > white affected
  • targets cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus
  • support, diuretics, corticosteroid
  • vx, decr mosq
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14
Q

WEE/EEE/VEE pathogen

A

alphavirus

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15
Q

WEE where

A
  • east of missisippi
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16
Q

West Nile

  • virus type
  • hosts
  • season
  • signs
  • dx
  • prognosis
  • prev
A
  • flavivirus
  • birds, mosq –> horses head end
  • july-oct
  • from encephalitis: acute onset, rapid progression: brain and spinal cord signs, m. twitches, fever, inappetance
  • IgM/ELIDA, CSF
  • fair
  • vx, mosq
17
Q

Rabies

  • virus type
  • signs
  • 3 forms
  • dx
  • PM
  • prev
A
  • lyssavirus
  • acute, severe, and rapidly progressing: autonomic instability, dysphagia, paresis, hydrophobia, lameness, ataxia, CNS signs
  • dumb, furious, paralytic –> death in ~1wk after signs appear
  • Fluro Ig, IFA, histo
  • PM: non-supp meningoencephalomyelitis, Negri bodies
  • vx
18
Q

Equine herpes virus 1

  • spread
  • latency location
  • susceptible pop
  • signs
  • neuro target and signs
  • dx
  • tx
  • prev
A
  • nasal, ocular resp, repro
  • trigeminal n., lymph
  • adult females
  • fever, cough, anorexia, edema, conjunctivitis, colic, neuro
  • spinal chord white matter: ataxia, paresis, hind>fore, urinary incontinence, tail paralysis, perineal sensation issue
  • can go to cnetral: CNS, blindness, vestibular
  • dx: PCR (nasal swab), serology (Ig), virus iso, CSF (normal, incr protein, xanthochromia)
  • tx: anit-inflamm, fluids, nutrition, +/- antiviral
  • vx
19
Q

Ataxia scale

A 
0 = normal
1= subtle defect
2=mild all times
3 = mod
4 = severe
5 = recumbant
20
Q

Wobbler syndrome

  • what
  • cause
  • predisposition
  • progression
  • signs
  • dx
  • xray see…
  • tx
A
  • cervical stenotic myelopathy
  • malformation/articulation, instability, trauma, DJD
  • M>F, fast growing, genetic, high protein/calorie diet
  • insidious or acute, progressive, wax and wane, etc.
  • stumbling, ataxia, spastic gait, paresis, hind>fore
  • xray, myelogram, rule out infect
  • canal stenosis, DJD, OCD, malformation, physeal flare, angulation
  • rest, anti-inflamm, +/- joint injections if arthritis
21
Q

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

  • agent
  • host
  • transmission
  • where
  • signs
  • dx
  • tx
  • prognosis
A
  • sarcocystis neurona
  • opossum, skunk, raccoon
  • fecal-oral
  • CNS: neuronal cells, mononuclear, endothelial
  • CNS signs, ataxia, m. loss
  • CSF Ig, serology (Ig), IFA
  • sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine, ponazuril/other-zurils, anti-inflamm, vit E
  • guarded
22
Q

Equine denegerative myeloencehalopathy

  • who
  • pathogenesis
  • signs
  • tx
  • prev
A
  • young <1yo
  • issue with vit e (deficiency, unable to use, etc.)
  • spinal ataxia
  • no good tx
  • vit E supp
23
Q

Equine motor neuron dz

  • what
  • who
  • cause
  • signs
  • dx
  • tx
A
  • neurodegen dz, esp of ventral horns and grey matter of spinal cord and brainstem
  • adults
  • vit E deficiency
  • weakness, m. atrophy, trembling, sweating, recumbancy, retinal pigmentopathy, raised tail
  • BW (incr CK and AST), CSF, electromyography, m. biopsy, n. biopsy
  • vt E, support
24
Q

Polyneuritis equi (aka cauda equina syndrome)

  • what happens
  • cause
  • where affected
  • signs
  • dx
  • tx and prognosis
A
  • progressive granulomatous polyradiculoneuritis from infiltration of macs and Tcells
  • unknown: allergy, autoimmune, virus?
  • cd equina, +/-CNS, +/- spinal cord
  • progressive paralysi of tail, bladder, back end, +/- hind ataxia, +/- m. atrophy, +/- CN deficits
  • CSF (inc mononuclear cells), abn EMG
  • anti-inflamm, support
  • grave
25
Q

Epilepsy

  • cause
  • what
  • dx
  • tx
A
  • idiopathy, heritable, congenital, 2nd to other dx
  • abn synchronous electric discharge
  • rule out primary dx
  • diazepam, phenobarb, KBr
26
Q

Narcolepsy/cataplexy

  • what
  • dx
  • tx
A
  • excessive sleepiness, +/- m. weakness
  • EEG, physostigmine provocation, rule out other dz’s
  • transient improv with atropine

Equine Med (8 decks)

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