Neuro Flashcards
When does neurulation happen?
About 16d
Which is the most vital stage of development for neural major malformations?
Embryonic stage
How is the pear shape made?
Cell widening and lengthening
Which cells sit at the edge of the neural plate?
Neural crest cells
What helps the cells to widen?
Cytoskeleton
What happens to the neural plate?
Folds inwards
What are the two hinge points made when the neural plate folds inwards called?
Medial
And
Dorsolateral
What is delamination?
The folded neural plate detaches from the epithelial top layer
What is BMP involved in?
Hinge formation
What does noggin do?
It inhibits BMP
What is needed for full and complete closure and delamination of neural tube?
A balance of BMP and noggin
What is secondary neurulation?
Formation of a posterior neural tube
What makes the neural tube be able to delamination and close?
Changes in cell adhesion properties
What is spina bifida?
Failure of closure of neural tube on back
What is anencephaly?
Failure of closure of neural tube on brain
How can you avoid anencephaly and spina bifida?
Taking folate before and during pregnancy
What are neural crest cells?
They form from neural epithelium and sit on top of neural tube
They derive to form lots of different structures depending on where they are positioned
What is present in the roof plate of neural tube?
BMP
What is present in the floor plate of the neural tube?
SHH
When does the brain split into regions?
7 weeks
How does retinoids acid affect development?
Affects cell growth and differentiation
Which factors affect neural patterning?
FGF
GDF
What are neuroblasts?
They migrate and differentiate
Formed from neuroepithelial cells in lumen of the neural tube
How is the brain built?
Inside out
The cells migrate outwards to form layers
What is the ventricular zone?
Generative
Differentiation of cells
What is the mantle zone?
Neuroblasts and neural crest cells
Form grey matter
What is the marginal zone?
White matter
Myelination of axons
What is elimination?
Brain formed with many more neural connections than needed, it matures and eliminates those that aren’t used
Which brain lobe is the last to develop?
Frontal (reasoning)
Which two areas in the brain have the ability to repair after brain maturation?
Ventricular-subventricular zone (smell) Subgranular zone (memory)
What activates stem cells?
Injury, inflammation, exercise
What is a symptom of Parkinson’s that occurs early?
Loss of smell
What are B cells?
Stem cells
What reduces B cells with age and thus reduces ability to repair?
GDF11
