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Developmental Biology > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

When does neurulation happen?

A

About 16d

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2
Q

Which is the most vital stage of development for neural major malformations?

A

Embryonic stage

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3
Q

How is the pear shape made?

A

Cell widening and lengthening

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4
Q

Which cells sit at the edge of the neural plate?

A

Neural crest cells

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5
Q

What helps the cells to widen?

A

Cytoskeleton

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6
Q

What happens to the neural plate?

A

Folds inwards

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7
Q

What are the two hinge points made when the neural plate folds inwards called?

A

Medial
And
Dorsolateral

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8
Q

What is delamination?

A

The folded neural plate detaches from the epithelial top layer

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9
Q

What is BMP involved in?

A

Hinge formation

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10
Q

What does noggin do?

A

It inhibits BMP

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11
Q

What is needed for full and complete closure and delamination of neural tube?

A

A balance of BMP and noggin

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12
Q

What is secondary neurulation?

A

Formation of a posterior neural tube

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13
Q

What makes the neural tube be able to delamination and close?

A

Changes in cell adhesion properties

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14
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Failure of closure of neural tube on back

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15
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Failure of closure of neural tube on brain

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16
Q

How can you avoid anencephaly and spina bifida?

A

Taking folate before and during pregnancy

17
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A

They form from neural epithelium and sit on top of neural tube
They derive to form lots of different structures depending on where they are positioned

18
Q

What is present in the roof plate of neural tube?

A

BMP

19
Q

What is present in the floor plate of the neural tube?

A

SHH

20
Q

When does the brain split into regions?

A

7 weeks

21
Q

How does retinoids acid affect development?

A

Affects cell growth and differentiation

22
Q

Which factors affect neural patterning?

A

FGF

GDF

23
Q

What are neuroblasts?

A

They migrate and differentiate

Formed from neuroepithelial cells in lumen of the neural tube

24
Q

How is the brain built?

A

Inside out

The cells migrate outwards to form layers

25
Q

What is the ventricular zone?

A

Generative

Differentiation of cells

26
Q

What is the mantle zone?

A

Neuroblasts and neural crest cells

Form grey matter

27
Q

What is the marginal zone?

A

White matter

Myelination of axons

28
Q

What is elimination?

A

Brain formed with many more neural connections than needed, it matures and eliminates those that aren’t used

29
Q

Which brain lobe is the last to develop?

A

Frontal (reasoning)

30
Q

Which two areas in the brain have the ability to repair after brain maturation?

A 
Ventricular-subventricular zone (smell)
Subgranular zone (memory)
31
Q

What activates stem cells?

A

Injury, inflammation, exercise

32
Q

What is a symptom of Parkinson’s that occurs early?

A

Loss of smell

33
Q

What are B cells?

A

Stem cells

34
Q

What reduces B cells with age and thus reduces ability to repair?

A

GDF11

Developmental Biology (4 decks)

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