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Pathophysiology > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

transmitters: excitatory: moves the post-synaptic membrane ____ to threshold (aka ____) , uses _____ to do so

A

closer to threshold
aka depolarization
Na-K channels to do so

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2
Q

transmitters: inhibitory: moves post-synaptic membrane ____ from threshold (aka _____), uses _____ to do so

A

away from threshold
aka hyperpolarization
Cl- channels to do so

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3
Q

what are the 6 excitatory transmitters?

A

Ach, 5HT (serotonin), NorEpi, Epi, Dopamine, Glutamate

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4
Q

what are the 2 inhibitory transmitters?

A

Glycine and GABA

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5
Q

what are subgroups of neuropeptides? what do they do? what are the 3 specific kinds?

A 
pain sensation and perception 
neuromodulators and neurohormones (modify the work of other NTs) 
1. substance P
2. endorphins
3. enkelphans
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6
Q

refractory period: absolute vs relative

A

absolute: closure of inact. gates for Na+ will NOT open till the cell is FULLY repolarized (-70mV)
- takes up most of the curve

relative: starts when absolute is over and lasts through hyperpol.
there CAN be axn potential IF there is a big enough stimulus to bring it from more neg. status back to threshold

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7
Q

what is accomodation?

A

when the threshold is passed but no axn potential is produced. (when depol. closes Na+ channel inactivation gates…which can’t reopen till threshold of -70mV is achieved).
example: hyperkalemia: too much K+ = decreased drive inside cell, can’t get back to -70mV…. gates wont open = cardiac arrest

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8
Q

bigger nerve = faster or slower impulse?

myelination = faster or slower impulse?

A

bigger and myelin both conduct a faster impulse current

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9
Q

what are the nodes of ranvier?

A

breaks in myelin where axn potential is generated

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10
Q

how do gap junctions assist in electrical synaptic transmission ? what type of cells are these in?

A

allow signal to go straight through = faster impulse

these are in coordinated muscle cells: ventricles (cardiac) and uterus + bladder (smooth)

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11
Q

what are chemical synaptic transmitters?

A

inhibit or excite dependent on the NTs

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12
Q

what is the process that occurs at a synaptic junction of a motoneuron after the axn potential comes into the pre-synaptic terminal?

A
  1. ca+ channels open
  2. flow down conc gradient, synaptic vessels open and release NTs
  3. diffuse across cleft and bind receptors on the end plate
    =change in membrane potential
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13
Q

somatic vs autonomic

A

both of the peripheral nervous system …

somatic: voluntary movements and involuntary reflexes- sensory and motor to the body
autonomic: viscera, smooth muscle, and glands

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14
Q

electroneutrality

A

MACROscopic neutrality

inside and outside the sell there is a balance of total pos and neg charge (cations and anions)

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15
Q

membrane potential is created by what type of movement?

A

MICROscopic movement of charged particles (Na+, K+, Ca+, Cl-, HCO3-)

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16
Q

what is resting membrane potential? what are freely diffusing here? what is the Na/K pump doing?

A

period of time when excitable cells are NOT transmitting signals
K+ and Cl- freely diffusing
Na/K ATPase pump 3Na+ out and 2K+ in = negative inside cell

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17
Q

if there is a potential difference across the membrane, there will be a changed rate of diffusion of ____

A

charged solute

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18
Q

if there is no potential difference across the membrane, the diffusion of ____ will do what?

A

charge solute

will create a diffusion potential

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19
Q

conc. of solute does or does not change w/ movement of ions across the membrane

A

DOES NOT

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20
Q

what are our types of excitable tissue?

A

nerves and muscles

changes in membrane potential will cause axn potential (depol to repol)

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21
Q

what does our glandular tissue do with a change in membrane potential?

A

hormones secretion and other functions

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22
Q

____brings opposites closer together and ____ brings opposites farther apart

A

depolarization

repolarization

23
Q

what is it when the potential or MORE neg. than the resting membrane potential?

A

hyperpolarization

24
Q

axon vs dendrite

A

axon: away from the cell
dendrite: toward the cell

25
Q

afferent vs efferent

A

afferent: sensory to CNS
efferent: relay motor impulse to effector neuron

26
Q

effector

A

peripheral tissue that reacts by contraction or secretion (exit CNS)

27
Q

schwann vs glial

A

both neuroglial cells

schwann: PNS support cell (highly lipid soluble)
glial: CNS support (4 types- astrocytes, microglial, oligoDs, ependymal)

28
Q

what are tracts?

A 
white matter (axons) that come out of grey matter "clumps" 
aka highway of the axons
29
Q

afferent has ____ cell body and ____ axons

A

1 cell body and 2 axons (pseudounipolar)

30
Q

what are the 3 layers of each peripheral nerve? (deep to most superficial?)

A
  1. endoneurium
  2. perineurium
  3. epineurium
31
Q

ganglia vs nucleus?

A

both grey matter (thinking, info-processing area)

ganglia: PNS
nucelus: CNS

32
Q

cell column vs cell tract

A

column: cell bodies inside -grey matter
tract: axons inside -white matter

33
Q

can a neuron regenerate?

A

NO

34
Q

what are the three jobs of the schwann cells?

A
  1. protection
  2. metabolic support
  3. inc. conduction of velocity
35
Q

all brain cancers that we have are made out of what?

A

glial cells of the CNS

36
Q

satellite cells do what?

A

protect cell bodies from surrounding connective tissue framework

37
Q

transport of contents in cell body through cytoplasm to axons…. neurosecretory granules vs proteins and nutrients…which is fast and which is slow?

A

fast: neurosecretory granules
slow: proteins and nutrients

38
Q

what do neuroglial( “glial”) cells do?

A

supporting cells of CNS

  • the “glue” that sticks everything together
  • communication of neurons
  • capable of division, grow fast and multiply
39
Q

what are the 4 types of glial cells

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocytes
  3. microglial cells
  4. ependymal cells
40
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

they form the myelin in the CNS, cover multiple axons

41
Q

what do astrocytes do? 5 parts

A
  1. stick to cells, vessels and nerves
  2. make up the BBB
  3. maintain conc. of ions and NTs
  4. metabolite transport
  5. after injury…cell bodies fill their cytoplasm w/ fibrous astrocytes and become scar tissue
42
Q

what do microglial cells do?

A

phagocytic

43
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

lines ventricular system and produce CSF

44
Q

3 types of “brain” tumors

A
  1. primary intracranial of neuroepithelial type (neuroglial, oligoD, ependymomas, astrocytoma (80%)
  2. neuronal tumors : medulloblastoma (infants and children from primitive cell type in the cerebellum)
  3. primary intracranial tumor in cranium but NOT of brain tissue (meningioma, CNS lymphoma, metastatic cancer)
45
Q

inward vs outward current? (membrane potential)

A

inward: positive flows into cell
outward: positive flow out of cell

46
Q

what is threshold potential?

A

membrane potential when depolarization is inevitable

47
Q

“motoneuron” is upper/lower motor neuron?

A

lower motor neuron

48
Q

overshoot vs undershoot?

A

overshoot: axn pot. part where membrane pot. is positive
undershoot: hyperpol. after-potential: axn. potential part where membrane potential is more neg. (than at rest)

49
Q

what is the refractory period?

A

when another axn pot. can NOT be initiated

50
Q

what part of the graph correlates with the activation gates opening?

A

upstroke: gates open, Na + flow in, causes the upstroke

51
Q

what part of the graph correlates with inactivation gate closing?

A

upstroke ENDS …then K+ channels open

52
Q

how does lidocaine work in regards to membrane potential?

A

blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels = blocked impulse

= numbness

53
Q

what are the three chief characteristic of axn potentials?

A
  1. stereotypical size and shape:… if normal, each given cell type is identical
  2. propagation: axn potential at one site causes depol at other sites
  3. all or nothing response: if excitable cell depolarizes to threshold, axn potential WILL happen
54
Q

conductance of K+, Cl- and Na+

A

K+ and Cl- are high (always flowing)- conc. gradient and open channels
Na+ is low (now open gate = no inward flow)

Pathophysiology (28 decks)

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