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Patho 3 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

glia

A

a type of neuron. They make oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and macroglia

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2
Q

Gliosis

A

– inflammation in the brain (fibrosis)

-most important indicator of CNS injury

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3
Q

cerebral edema

A

can be focal (abscess/neoplasms) or generalized (hepatic encepholopathy, Na solution)
MCC of someone going into a coma

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4
Q

MC neural tube defect in newborns

A

spina bifida

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5
Q

myelomeningocele

A

extension of meninges and CNS tissue

-check alpha feto protein levels in pregnant pts

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6
Q

Arnold Chiari Malformation

A

There is a small posterior cranial fossa, with a misshaped midline cerebellum and downward extension of the vermis through the foramen magnum….leads to hydrocephalus

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7
Q

Dandy Walker malformation

A

enlargement of 4th ventricle, cyst forms, leads to hydrocephalus

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8
Q

polymicrogyria

A

Too many gyri leads to abnormally developed brain
unilateral-mild seizures to no symptoms
bilateral-seizures, dev delays, eyes misaligned

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9
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

– the brain does not have division (brain without separation)
one eye fetus

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10
Q

Agenesis of Corpus Callosum

A

– two separate brains with no connection

usually presents with epilepsy in first week of life

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11
Q

congenital hydrocephalus

A 
wet
wobbly
wacky
4th ventricle is blocked
MC due to TORCH
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12
Q

concussions

A
  • not associated with anatomic changes in brain
  • it is reversible
  • no functional loss
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13
Q

contusion

A

-bruise in brain

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14
Q

coup vs countercoup

A

injury at site of impact

injury at site opposite of impact

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15
Q

epidural hematoma

A
  • middle meningeal artery most commonly affected when skull is injured
  • fractured temporal bone can cause this injury
  • it will press the brain downwards, towards the foramen magnum and it will herniate
  • seen post trauma, can die two hours later
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16
Q

subdural hematoma

A

This is a problem with the vein
This is BENEATH the dura
Pt slips, falls, hits his head – complains of headache that is getting worse
common in elderly

17
Q

AV malformation

A

– artery and vein are together (artery continues into vein)

  • Veins can’t handle the type of pressure that arteries can handle – everything is going to explode BOOM rupture
  • at risk for subarachnoid hemorrhage
18
Q

berry aneurysm

A

– outpouching of artery, if it continues to out-pouch and ruptures that will cause bleeding
-seen in polycystic kidney disease

19
Q

3 categories of cerebral vascular disease

A

Hypoxia > ischemia > infarction
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
Ruptured Berry Aneurysm and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

20
Q

Two types on infarcts

A

Hemorrhagic (red)

Non-Hemorrhagic (pale)-thrombus formation

21
Q

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

MCC is HTN, rupture occurs in basal ganglia

22
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

thunderclap headache “worst of life”, straight to CT

23
Q

subfalcine hernia
transtentorial
cerebellar tonsil

A
  • can compress the anterior circulating artery
  • PCA
  • presses on medulla, affects breathing
24
Q

acute meningitis

A

neonates-E. Coli (gram neg) Group B strep (gram pos) so treat for both gram pos and neg
infants/children-H influenza
young adults-neisseria, most dangerous form, presents with petecchial rash
elderly-S Pne or listeria monocytogenes

25
Q

meningitis work up

A

CT scan first to rule out abscess or mass so you don’t herniate the brain when you do the spinal tap
viral-normal glucose, lymphocytes
bacterial-low glucose, neutrophils

26
Q

MCC of brain abscess

A

staph or strep
If they do surgery to remove abscess and give ABX, mortality is less than 10%. If they don’t they will eventually herniate and die

27
Q

Viral meningitis and encephalitis difference

A

ALTERED MENTAL STATUS IN ENCEPHALITIS

28
Q

MCC viral encephalitis and others

A 
HSV 1
herpes zoster
CMV
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
HIV
29
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A
  • affects white matter of brain destroying myelin
  • leads to fatigue, slow movements
  • decreased oligodendrocytes
30
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • neurofibrillary tangles
  • plaques
  • gold standard is autopsy
31
Q

Parkinson

A

affects basal ganglia and brainstem, movement disorder

– reduction in voluntary movement AND abundance of involuntary movement

32
Q

Parkinson has a depletion in….

A

dopamine….too much Ach causing tremors

33
Q

Huntington Disease

A

autsomal dominant, progressive movement disorders with dementia
after dx pt has about 15 years

34
Q

MC benign brain tumor

A

meningioma

35
Q

astrocytoma

A

80% of adult tumors, always infiltrate brain, looks like part of the brain on CT, may not be deadly

36
Q

glioblastoma multiforme

A

grade 4 astrocytoma aka butterfly tumor
affects both hemispheres
worst tumor

37
Q

oligodendroglioma

A

can be seen on CT easily bc of calcifications

38
Q

medulloblastoma

A

This is bad because it’s really deep in

Very radiosensitive = that’s the good part = radiation therapy

39
Q

schwanoma

A

benign tumor, presents with tinnitus

Patho 3 (4 decks)

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