Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Primary Care 3 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Shock

A

cellular and tissue hypoxia due to reduced oxygen delivery or increased oxygen consumption or inadequate oxygen utilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 types of shock

A

Distributive, Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Obstructive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Distributive shock

A

has many causes including septic, SIRS, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic, toxic and endocrine like through addisons disease. A reduced systemic vascular resistence leads to a compensatory increase in cardiac output. All other forms of shock have an increased SVR and decrease cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

cardiomyopathic through MI, arrythmia like sustained VTach, or mechanical abnormality like valvular rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

hemorrhagic from trauma or nonhemorrhagic fluid loss from vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Obstructive shock

A

Pulmonary embolism or pulmonary vascular related, due to mechanical causes like tension pneumo, pericardial tamponade (obstructing oxygen flow –> shock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

serious allergic or hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Criteria for anaphylaxis

A

acute onset of illness involving the skin or mucosal tissue and at least one of the following: resp compromise (wheeze, stridor) or reduced BP or s/s end organ malperfusion (hypotonia, syncope) can be after a likely allergen with two of the following: skin issue, resp compromise, reduced BP, GI symptoms. Known allergen: reduced bp systolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Children and those with food induced anaphylaxis do not usually have this symptom

A

hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anaphylaxis results from this

A

igE mediated allergic reaction from foods, insects, medications or anything really including allergen immunotherapy, chemotherapy, vaccines, food additives, spices, cat dander, human seminal fluid, latex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anaphylaxis blood work

A

within 15 minutes to 3 hours obtain total tryptase in serum or plasma or plasma histamine in excluding other disorders which do not involve mast cells. Histamine between 2 and 15 minutes no vacuum tube manually pul blood both on ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Symptoms of anaphylaxis

A

Warm, flushing, itching, urticaria, angioedema, hair standing on end, tingling lips, edema of lips, tongue, metallic taste, congestion, sneezing, sob, tightness, cough, nausea, abd pain, diarrhea, syncope, ams, incontinence, anxious, headaches, sudden behavior change, tearing, eye itching, uterine cramps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Increased risk for stroke with those who have this type of migraine

A

migraine with aura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stroke risk most increased in women with these risk factors

A

child bearing age, migraine with aura, smoking, taking the pill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

migraine with aura causing strokes describes as

A

silent infarct-like lesions in posterior circulation of the white matter or cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

patho of migraine leading to stroke

A

vasospams and changes in blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

patients with vascular disease are not allowed to take these medications

A

vasoconstrictive meds that treat migraines including triptans and ergots and seratonin agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

women with migraine with aura who are smoking need to do these two things to control their risk factor of stroke

A

control blood pressure, use another form of birth control other than the pill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Biggest priorities in managing a patient with a traumatic brain injury

A

prevent hypoxia (Pa02

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

First thing to order with a TBI

A

CT Head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Treatment for impending herniation following a TBI from increased ICP

A

Head of bed elevation and IV Mannitol osmotic therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Treatment with a severe TBI causing mass hamatoma, contusions and swelling

A

ventriculostomy placement with ICP monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

target ICP pressure number

A

20 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

prevention og early seizures post TBI

A

only one week of antiepileptic drugs (valproic acid,m phenytoin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
exacerbates secondary neurological injury
fever and hyperglycemia both need to be avoided
26
glasgow coma scale meaures
eye opening, verbal response, motor response. 3-15. 3 is the worst.
27
do not use this to manage TBI as it will lead to increased mortality
glucocorticoids
28
symptoms of elevated ICP
Headache from the pain fibers of CN 5, depressed global consciousness, vomiting
29
papilledema
intracranial hypertension leading to a blurred optic disc margin, loss of physiological cupping and fullness in the veins
30
TIA
transient episode of neurological dysfunction by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia without an acute infarction. Absent end organ injury. The defined end point is tissue injury and not timed 24 hours
31
TIA timing
Was less than 24 hours caused by decreased blood supply but this is inadequate as even relatively brief ischemia can cause a permanent brain injury so the new TIA definition is absent end organ injury
32
Antithrombotic treatment of TIA
4.5 hours after symptom onset for yPa and 6 hours for a mechanical thrombectomy
33
Acute ischemic stroke antithrombotic treatment
no urgent anticoagulation, instead do early aspirin therapy 160 or 325 daily, ideally start within 48 hours of stroke onset. beyond the acute phase it should continue with asa plus plavix
34
Antithrombolytic for symptomatic large artery disease
aspirin plus plavix for 90 days
35
Options to prevent stroke with large artery disease
revascularization with carotid endarterectomy/stenting and multifactoral risk reduction with antiplatelets, antihypertensive drugs, and statins
36
treatment for symptomatic carotid atherosclerosis
carotid endarterectomy
37
When is surgical revascularization a viable option
when residual flow can be demonstrated in the internal carotid artery. If completely occluded, medical mgmt is the only practical option
38
Aortic arch disease mgmt
antiplatelet and statin therapy
39
AF is associated with these types of strokes
worsened ischemic strokes and longer TIAs due to embolization of larger particles
40
Confirm absence of intracranial hemorrhage before starting anti-thrombotic therapy by
cranial CT and MRI
41
When to initiate TPA (alteplase)
4.5 hours, preferably 3, from the onset on symptoms with acute ischemic stroke to reduce long term disability
42
Most effective long term therapy for prevention of recurrent stroke
Warfarin. Target INR 2-3
43
Mild versus moderate versus severe TBI
13 > mild. 9-12 moderate. less than 8 is severe.q
44
Primary TBI
intra- and extra=parenchymal hemorrhages and diffuse axonal injury from shearing mechanisms showed as white matter tracks
45
Secondary TBI
Cascade of molecular injury mechanisms that are initiated at the time of initial trauma and continue for hours or days. This can be exaccerbated by hypotension, hypoxia, fever and seizures
46
Leading cause of TBI
Falls. Second leading cause is MVA
47
Subdural hematoma
between the dura and the arachnoid membrane caused by bleeding. Most commonly caused by tearing of the brdiging veins that drain from the surface of the brain to the dural sinus.
48
Epidural hematoma
space between the dura and the skull
49
Subdural hematoma s/s
can be from a loss of consciousness to a coma.
50
Acute subdural hematoma
coma is usually present at the time of injury,some may have a lucid interval followed by a progressive neurological decline. Headache, vomiting, anisocoria, dysphagia, cranial nerve palsies, nucal rigidity On CT it is a high dense crescent collection
51
Chronic subdural hematoma
insidious onset of headache, light headedness, cognitive impairment, somnolence and occasional seizures, on CT it is a hypodense crescent shaped lesion
52
Refer to a neurologist if a child has these symptoms of concussion
symptoms > 10 days, those with multiple concussions occuring with progressively less force and or are associated with more intense symptoms, uncertain dx of concussion
53
concussion s/s
headache, dizzy, nausea, difficulting concentrating, vision changes, drowsiness, amnesia, sensitivity to noise, tinnitus, irritability, loss of consciousness, hyperexcitability
54
Most SAH caused by
ruptured saccular aneurysms
55
s/s SAH
sudden, severe headache, worst headache of my life may be a/w LOC, seizures, n/v.
56
dx SAH
CT. If negative and still suspicious then do a lumbar puncture which will show elevated RBCs. After CT do an angiography.
57
Migraine s/s
unilateral, throbbing, pulsating, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, crescendo pattern, aggravated by activity duration 4-72 hours
58
Migraine triggers
stress, menstruation, visual stimuli, weather changes, nitrates, fasting, wine, sleep disturbances, aspartame
59
Tension headache
mild to moderate, bilateral, nonthrobbing, no other features, 30min to 7 days, pressure and tightness will wax and wane no other symptoms
60
Cluster headache
idiopathic, unilateral, severe with autonomic symptoms. orbital, supraorbital or temporal pain, lacrimation, conjunctival injection, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion
61
Physical exam done with headache complaint
blood pressure, pulse, bruit at neck, palpate head, neck and shoulders, check temporal and neck arteries, examine spine and neck muscles. Mental status, cranial nerves, gait
62
Danger signs
SNOOP. Systemic symptoms (fever, weight loss, cancer) Neuro symptoms (confusion, papilledema, seizures) Onset is new or sudden (after 40 or thunderclap) Other symptoms (head trauma, drug use, worse with valsalva) Previous headache history with a progression or change in attack.
63
giant cell arteritis
chronic vasculitis of large and medium sized vessels. Older than 50. Temporal or frontal. Fever, fatigue, weight loss, visual changes, polymyalgia rheumatica
64
trigeminal neuralgia
sudden, unilateral severe brief stabbing pain across trigeminal nerve older than 50 years of age
65
chronic subdural hematoma
insidious onset of headaches, light headed, dizzy, apathy, cognitive impairment, tired, possible seizures
66
new onset seizure older than 50 worry about
brain tumor
67
anaphylaxis
acute, potentially lethal, multi system syndrome resulting from a sudden release of mast cell, basophil and macrophage derived mediators into circulation
68
immunologic anaphylaxis
igE and igG mediated reaction with immune complex mediated mechanisms
69
nonimmunologic anaphylaxis
caused by agent or event that induces a sudden, massive mast cell or basal cell degranulation without antibodies
70
anaphylaxis is a/w these cardiac issues
MI and arrhythmias, due to cardiac hx, exogenous epinephrine and hemodynamic stress
71
anaphylaxis resp s/s
bronchospasm, mucus plugging, larygeal edema and asphixiation esp w those w hx asthma
72
meds that make anaphylaxis worse
opiods, nsaids, ethanol, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors
73
level that supports diagnosis of anaphy.
serum tryptase 15 min to 3 hours after diagnosis
74
diagnosing anaphylaxis
acute onset of illness with skin, mucosal tissue (swollen lips/tongue...hives) with at least 1) resp compromise OR 2) decreased BP
75
Exposure to known allergen dx
bp less than 90 or a 30 percent decrease from baseline, infants and children are age specific

Primary Care 3 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions