Neuro Flashcards
Deficiency in what leads to recurrent Neisseria
MAC
makes pore in bacterial membrane
Treatment of N. Meningitidis
IV ceftriaxone
Absence of T cells leads to?
Fungal and Viral infections
ie: Digeorge syndrome (no thymus & parathyroid)
Chronic Granulomatous disease what kind of organisms susceptible to
gram positive like staphylcocci
LACK NADPH oxidase
NF type I
what embryological develop the cutaneous neurofibromas?
Benign nerve sheath neoplasm predominantly Schwann cells –> from neural crest
How is axillary nerve most often injured and how does it present
shoulder trauma (anterior dislocation, humeral fracture) presents sensory loss over lateral shoulder and weakness on shoulder abduction (due to denervation of deltoid muscle)
What is acute dystonic reaction (spasmodic torticollis)
a type of extrapyramidal symptom (EPS) most likely due to recent initation of antipsychotic medication
can develop abruptly anytime between 4hrs-4days after antipsychotic medication
= sudden involuntary contraction of major muscle group etc.
D2 ANTAGONISM IN NIGROSTRIATAL PATHWAY
NF1 inheritance
AD mutation on NF1 gene located on chromosome 17
Cafe au lait spots
multiple neurfibromas
Lisch nodules
What molecular mechanisms causes huntington’s
hypoacetylated histones bind tightly to DNA and prevent transcription of genes
What is polypeptide precursor to Beta endorphins
Beta endorphin is derived from POMC
also produces ACTH and MSH
Wernicke encephalopathy triad
confusion, ataxia, opthalmoplegia
damage to mamillary bodies
What can exacerbate and precipitate Wernicke encephalopathy
Glucose infusion
b/c thiamine is necessary for enzymes in glucose metabolism
so always give thiamine with it
What vitamin overdose can result in intracranial hypertension, skin changes, and hepatosplenomegaly
Vitamin A
Decerebrate posturing
Damage to brainstem at/below level of red nucleus (e.g. midbrain tegmentum/pons) results in decerebrate (extensor) posturing due to loss of descending excitation to upper limb flexors (via the rubrospinal tract) and predominance of the extensors (controlled by the vestibulospinal tract)
Decorticate posturing
Damage above red nucleus (e.g cerebral hemispheres) results in decorticate (flexor) posturing due to loss of descending inhbition of red nucleus and subsequent hyperactivity of upper-extremity flexor muscles
What does arteriovenous concentration gradient reflects in inhaled anesthetics?
Reflects overall tissue solubility of an anesthetic
High tissue solubility characterized by large arteriovenous concentration gradient and slower onset of action
Where is neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage usually occur?
in fragile germinal matrix and increases in frequency with decreasing age and birth weight
can lead to long-term neurodevelopmental impairment
What CN inervates stapedius muscle and what would paralysis of stapedius muscle result in
inervated by stapedius nerve (branch of facial nerve)
results in hyperacusis (increased sensitivity to sound)
What is afferent and efferent limb of the light reflex pathway
afferent= optic nerve efferent= parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve
Which nerve injury results in a positive trendelenburg sign
superior gluteal nerve injury results in weakness & paralysis of gluteus medius, minimus, tensor fasciae latae muscle
these muscle stabilize pelvis and abduct the thigh
What are nerve is affected in baseball pitcher with right arm weakness and numbness. diminished strength on elbow flexion and absent bicepts reflex. sensory loss on lateral forearm.
Musculocutaneous innervates major forearm flexors (eg biceps bachii, bachialis) and coracobrachialis (flexes and adducts arm
Derived from upper trunk of brachial plxus (C5-C7) and can be injured by trauma or strenous upper extremity exercise
What is histopathologic finding of HIV-associated dementia in AIDS patients with progrssive cognitive decline
microglial nodules, groups of activated macrophages/microglial cells around area of necrosis that fuse to form multinucleated giant cells
What does irreversible injury in neuron look like?
“red neuron”
evidence 12-24 hours
shrinkage of cellboxy, eosinophila of cytoplasm, pkynosis of nucleus and loss of Nissl substance
MOA of phenytoin, cabamazepine, and valproic acid
inhibits neuronal high frequency firing by reducing ability of sodium channels to recover from inactivation
MOA of ethosuximide
block T type calcium channels in thalamic neurons causing hyperpolarization and is approved for treatment of absence seizures
What’s Guillain-Barre syndrome
acute demyelinating peripheral neuropathy
segmental demyelination of peripheral nerves and an endoneural inflammatory infiltrate seen on light microscopy
Teratology of Fallot
PROV PULMONARY STENOSIS Right Ventricular hypertrophy Overriding aorta VSD
or IHOP Intraventricular septal defect Hypertrophy of RV Overriding aorta Pulmonary stenosis
X-linked recessive disorders
Obviously Female Will Often Give Her Boys Her x-Linked Disorders
Ornithine Transcarbamylase deficiency Fabry Disease Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Ocular Albinism G6PD deficiency Hunter Syndrome Bruton agammaglobinemia Hemophilia A & B Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne (and Becker) Muscular Dystrophy
