Neuro Flashcards
Reflexes?
Biceps C5 Brachioradialis C6 Triceps C7 Knee L4 Ankle S1 Blink V/VII Gag IX/X
Which neurons modulate reflexes from above?
Ipsilateral neurones descending in corticospinal tract from motor cortex
What is the name for conduction where electrons move causing adjacent depolarisation along axon
Electrotonic
what clinical use is atropine
Pupil dilation for eye exam
Stigmines MOA / use?
Reversible AchE inhibitors
MG, glaucoma
Sarin/organophosphates MOA?
Irreversible AchE inhibs
Enteric NS plexi names / locations?
MyenteRIC = AuerbACHs -> musc externa for peristalsis
Submucosal = Meissner’s –> ion and water movement
Neurapraxia PP / cause?
Neurapraxia
Temporary myelin sheath damage without wallerian degeneration
Caused by stretch
Axonotmesis PP / cause?
Axonotmesis
Axon and myelin damaged but not the sheath so its still intact. Wallerian degen distal to blow.
Caused by crush / extreme stretch
Neurotmesis
Axon, myelin and nerve sheath damaged
Whole nerve severed / avulsed
E.g. laceration
Full recov not possible
Chance of repeat dislocation in
80%
Often requires bankart repair
What is bankart?
Stripping of ant labrum / capsule from neck of scapula
What is hill sachs?
Posterolateral humerus bony defect
What is important to check in peripheral nerve injury?
Peripheral pulses / perfusion
Winged scapula?
Serratus anterior (LT nerve) problem
Flex arm at elbow causing bunching?
Biceps problem
What movement is particularly affected in frozen shouldeR?
Adhesive capsulitis
External rotation
How to test for impingement?
Empty beer can test
External rotation versus resistance tests
Teres minor / infraspinatus
Internal rotation versus resistance tests
Subscapularis
Positive scarf test suggests
Capsulitis
Hawkins-kennedy test
Impingment
What is impingement syndrome>?
Impingment of tendoms of rotator cuff in subacromion space
Symptoms / signs of adhesive capsulitis of shoulder?
Constant pain, worse and night / cold wather; severe causing sleep depriation
Severe decrease in ROM
External roation severely inhibited
PP of AC of shoulder?
Decreased synovial fluid -> inflammation -> adhesions -> capsular thickening
Where does PNS start?
Pial membrane of spinal cord
Hypersensitivity to touch?
Allodynia
Chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy likely PP?
Inflam
Chronic axonal polyneuropathy likely PP?
Toxins e.g. DM, ETOH
Acute polyneuritis likely PP?
Vasculitis
Chronic polyneuritis likely PP?
Genetic
Carpal tunnel motor weakness?
Thumb abduction
UNP motor weakness?
Finger abduction
Clinical ix sign for GBP?
Increased protein absent other changes in CSF
What is in the anterior grey column of the spinal cord and where is it?
Front part of grey matter of spinal cord contains motor neurons - contains cell bodies of alpha motor neurons
What is primary veruss secondary demyelination
Primary = myelin first then axon later if at all
Secondary = axon first followed by myelin
Wallerian degen PP / cause?
Usually crush / trauma
Distal dying followed by possible regrowth
Dying back neuropathy PP / cause?
Toxic or metabolic
What is it caused when there is pathology of the nerve root?
Radiculopathy
What % of gait is stance?
60
