Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medecine - As PACES > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Features of cauda equina

A

Pain in back and radicular pain down legs
Weakness: bilateral flaccid, arefleixa
Saddle anaesthesia
Poor anal tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Features of beck syndrome

A

Paresis
Impaired pain and temp
Preserved touch and proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Signs of syringomyelia

A 
Dissociated sensory loss 
- loss of pain and temp - scars from burns 
- preserved dorsal columns 
- cape distribution 
Wasting/weakness of hands +/- claw hand 
Loss of reflexes in upper limb 
Charcot joints 
UMN weakness in lower limbs with extensor plantars
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Syrinx the expansion affects…

A

Deccusatating spinothalmic neurone
Anterior horn cells
Corticospinal tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Feature of Parkinson

A

Tremor- ⬆️stress⬇️by sleep
Rigidity - lead pipe, cog wheeling
Akinesia- difficulty with repatitive movement, slow imitation, mask like face
Postural instability- stopped gait with festination
Postural hypotension, constipation, ED, ⬆️saliva
Sleep disorders: EDS, OSA, RBD, dopamine SE
Psychosis - Visual hallucination
Depression/ dementia/ drug SE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of tremor

A 
Resting: Parkinsonism 
Intention: cerebellar 
Postural (worse with arms outstretched) 
- benign essential tremor 
- endocrine: ⬆️T4 
- alcohol withdrawal 
- toxins: b-agonist 
- sympathetic: anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Side effects of l-dopa

A 
Dyskinesia 
On-off phenomena 
Psychosis 
ABP - decreased 
Mouth dryness 
Insomnia 
Nausea and vommiting 
Excessive daytime sleepiness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cerebellar signs

A 
DANISH 
Dysdiadochokinesia 
Ataxia 
Nystagmus 
Intention tremor 
Slurred speech 
Hypotonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cause of cerebellar signs

A

DASIES
Demyelination
Infarct- brain stem stroke
Space occupying lesion - schwannoma and CPA Tumour
Inherited: Wilson, Friedrich ataxia, VHL
Epilepsy medication: phenytoin
System atrophy - multiple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cerebellar vermis lesion

A

Ataxic trunk and gait

Normal arms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Feature of cord compression

A

Pain: at level and anaesthesia below
Weakness: LMN at level and UMN below level
Sphincter disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Features of lateral medullary syndrome

A 
DANVAH 
Dysphagia 
Ataxia 
Nystagmus 
Vertigo 
Anaesthesia - ipislateral face, contralateral body 
Horner syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Presentation of vestibular schwannoma

A 
Unilateral SNLH, Tinitus and vertigo 
Increased ICP - headache 
Ipislateral CN 5,6,7, 8 palsied and cerebellar signs 
- facial anaesthesia and absent corneal reflex 
- lateral rectus palsy 
- LMN facial nerve palsy 
- SNLH 
-DAMISH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cause of cerebellopointine angle syndrome

A 
Vestibular schwannoma - 80% 
Meningioma 
Cerebellar astrocytoma
Metastase 
Epidermoid cyst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Von hippel Lindau

A 
Renal cyst 
Bilateral renal cell carcinoma 
Haemangioblastoma - often in cerebellum 
Phaeochromctyome 
Islet cell rumours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Features of Friedrich ataxia

A

Pes cavus
Bilateral cerebellar ataxia
Leg wasting + arefleixa but extensor plantars
Loss of vibration and proprioception

Other: HOCM, high arched palate, optic atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Detention of a stroke

A

Rapid onset focal neurological defecit of vascular origin lasting >24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Features of TACS - total anterior circulation stroke

A

All 3 of the following

  1. contralateral hemiparesis +/- hemisensory defecit
  2. Homonymous heminsopia
  3. Higher cortical dysfunction - domiant - dysphagia, nondominant - confusion and constructional apraxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PACS - partial anterior circuition stroke

A

2/3 of TACS criteria

Defecit is less dense or incomplete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

5 syndrome with lacunar strokes

A
  1. Pure Motor - posterior limb of internal capsule
  2. Pure sensory - posterior thalamus
  3. Mixed sensimotor - internal capsule
  4. Dysathria - clumsy hand
  5. Ataxic hemiparesis - anterior limb of internal capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Milland gubler syndrome

A

Pontine infarct

Features: diplopia, LMN facial nerve palsy, loss of corneal reflex and contralateral hemiplegia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ABCD2 score

A 
Predict stroke risk following TIA 
Age >60
BP>or equal : 140/90
Clincal features: unilateral weakness(2) speech disturbance without weakness (1) 
Duration: >1hr(2) 10-59 (1) 
Diabetes melitus

Score - 6 or more - high risk of Stoke admit
Score - above 4 - specialist clinic within 24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Definition of MS

A

Chronic inflammatory condition of the CNS characterised by multiple plaques of demyelination disseminated in time and space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Differential of mixed UMN and LMN signs

A

Motor neurone disease
Friedrich ataxia
Subacute combined degeneration of the cord
Taboparesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Features of a radial nerve palsy

A

Inspection: wrist drop
Power: triceps, brachioradailis, extensors in wrist, finger, MCP, thumb
Absent or weak triceps reflex
Loss of sensation over dorsal aspect of the hand at the anatomical snuff box

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Features of a medial nerve palsy

A

Inspection: sign of benediction, thenar wasting
Weakness of LOAF muscles
- thenar: abduction, flexion and oppisiotion of the thumb
- index: flexion of DIP
Median nerve sensation loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Feature of an ulnar nerve palsy

A

Inspection: wasting of dorsal interossei and hypothenar emminance, claw hand
Weakness of all muscle of the hand except LOAF
Loss of sensation over medial aspect of hand

28
Q

LOAF muscles

A

Lateral two lumbricals
Oppens pollicis
Abductor policis
Flexor policis brevis

29
Q

Sensory polyneuropathy

A 
Diabetes melitus 
Alcohol 
B12 defficancy 
Chronic renal failure and cancer - paraneoplastic 
Vasculitis 
Drugs: isonizid, vincristine
30
Q

Mainly motor polyneuropathy

A

Hereditary motor sensory neuropathy/ Charcot Marie tooth
Parenoplastic - lung cancer, renal cell cancer
Lead posising
Acute: GBS and botulinism

31
Q

Femoral neuropathy/amyotrophy

A

Painful asymmetric weakeness and wasting of the quads with loss of knee jerks

32
Q

Differential of muscle fatiguabilty

A

Myasthenia
Polymyositis
SLE
Botulinism

33
Q

Investigation in myasthenia

A

Bedside: spirometery
Bloods
-Abs: anti-Achr, anti- musk
- Tft
EMG: decreased response to continuous stimulus
Tensilon test: improvement with edrophonium
CT mediastinum- thyoma in 10%

34
Q

Miller fisher

A

Subtype of GBS

Opthalmoplegia, ataxia and arefleixa

35
Q

Bells sign

A

Eye ball roll back on closure

36
Q

Cause of bilateral facial nerve palsy

A 
Bilateral bells 
Sarcoidosis 
GBS 
Lyme 
Pseudo palsy: MG, Myotonic dystrophy
37
Q

Cause of facial palsy

A 
75% idiopathic Bell's palsy 
Supranuculear: vascular, MS, SOL 
pontine: vascular, MS, SOL 
CPA: Vestibular schwannoma,
Intra-temporal: Ramsay hunt, cholesteoma 
Infra-temporal: parotid tumour, trauma 
Systemic : 
 - neuropathy - DM, Lyme, sarcoid 
- pseudopalsy: myasthenia gravis
38
Q

Features of Horners syndrome

A

Ptosis - partial - superior tarsal muscle
Enopthalmos
Anhydrosis
Small pupil

39
Q

Causes of an occulomotor palsy

A 
Medical 
- mononeuritis - diabetes 
- MS 
- midbrain infarction - Webers 
- migraine 
Surgical 
- increased ICP
- car venous sinus thrombosis
- posterior communicating artery anneyeursm
40
Q

Holmes Addie pupil

A

Dilated pupil that has no response to light and sluggish response to accomidation

41
Q

Marcus gun pupil

A

Dilation on moving light from normal to abnormal eye

42
Q

Features of optic atrophy

A

Decreased visual acuity
Decreased colour Vision - paticualry red
Central scotoma
Pale optic disc
RAPD - dilation on moving light from eye from normal to abnormal eye

43
Q

Causes of optic atrophy

A 
Congenital 
- lebers hereditary optic neuropathy 
- HSMN 
- Frederich ataxia 
Toxins: alcohol, ethambutol, lead b12 
Compression: neoplasia ( optic glioma, pituitary adenoma) glaucoma, pagets 
Vascular: DM, GCA 
Inflammatory: optic neuritis 
Sarcoid 
Infection: herpes zoster, TB 
Odema: papilloma 
Neoplastic infiltration: lymphoma, leukemia
44
Q

Craniopharyngioma

A

Benign suprasellar tumour originating from rathke pouch

Leads to ascending visual loss - bitemporal hemianopia

45
Q

Cause of a complex opthalmoplegia

A

DM: mononeuritis multiplex
Myasthenia gravis
MS
Thyrotoxicosis

46
Q

Causes of hearing loss

A

Conductive: impaired conduction anywhere between auricle and round window
- canal obstruction: wax, foreign body
- TM perforation: trauma, infection
- ossicle defect: otosclerosis, infection
- fluid in the middle ear
Sensireneural hearing loss: defect of cochlear, nerves or brain
- congenital: alports
- acquired: presbyacussis, drugs(gentamicin, vancomycin), infection( measles), tumour - vestibular schwannoma

47
Q

Definition of dysphonia

A

Impaired production of voice and sounds

48
Q

Definition of Dysathria

A

Impaired articualtion of sounds and words

49
Q

Defenition of dysphagia

A

Impairment of language

50
Q

Nail changes in psoriasis

A

Discolouration
Pitting
Onycholysis
Subungual hyperkeratosis

51
Q

5 patterns of psoriatic athritis

A
  1. Asymmetric oligoathrtis
  2. Distal athritis
  3. Symmetric polyathritis
  4. Spondylitis
  5. Athritis mutilans
52
Q

Cause of onycholysis

A

Psoriasis
Fungal infection
Trauma
Thyrotoxicosis

53
Q

Radiologic features of psoriatic athritis

A

DIP erosions
Osteolysis
Periarticualr new bone formation
Pencil in cup deformity - advanced disease

54
Q

Occulomotor

A

Motor : superior, inferior and medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae
Parasympathetic: pupillary constriction and accomidation

55
Q

Trochlear

A

Superior oblique

56
Q

Trigeminal

A

Sensation to, face scalp, cornea, nasal and oral cavities and cranial dura matter
Muscle of mastication

57
Q

Abducens

A

Lateral rectus

58
Q

Facial nerve

A

Muscle of facial expression and stapedius muscle

59
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

Sensory: pharynx, posters 1/3 of the tongue, Eustachian tube, middle ear, carotid body and carotid sinus
Motor: stylopharygneal muscle - swallowing
Salivation

60
Q

Vagus

A

Sensory: phaynx, larynx, oesophagus and external ear, aortic bodies and aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal viscera
Motor: vocal cord, pharynx
Parasympathetic: thoracic and abdominal viscera

61
Q

Accessory nerve

A

Sternicliodmastoid and trapezius

62
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic muscle of the tongue

63
Q

Cause of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s

A

Insomnia and frequent waking ➡️ excessive day time sleepiness
- cause by an inability to turn, restless leg syndrome, obstruct sleep apnoea
REM behavioural sleep disorder - loss of movement atonia during sleep leading to violent enactment of dreams

64
Q

On- off effect - Parkinson’s

A

Unpredictable fluctuation in motor performance unrelated to timing of dose

65
Q

Cause of proximal myopathy

A
  1. Inflammation: polymyositis, dermatomyositis
  2. Inherited: muscular dystrophy
  3. Drugs: Alcohol, statins, steroids
  4. Pareneoplastic
  5. Endocrine: Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, thyrotoxicosis, osteomalacia, diabetic amyotrophy
66
Q

Blood test in peripheral neuropathy

A

Glucose, HbA1c, FBC, Blood film, LFTS, GGT, U&E, B12, folate, ESR, ANA, ANCA, TFT

Medecine - As PACES (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions