Heamtology Flashcards
Signs of anemia
Pallor
Hyperdynamic circulation: severe anemia HB
Signs of iron defficancy anemia
Kolioncychia - spoon shaped nails
Angular stomatitis/Chelosis
Post cricoid webs
Cause of microcytic anemia
FAST fe defficancy Anemia of chronic disease Siderobalstic anemia - lead poisining Thallesemia
Cause of normocytic anemia
Acute blood loss, bone marrow failure, renal failure, heamolysis, hypothyroidism, pregnancy
Cause of macrocytic anemia
Megoloblastic - Vit b12 or folate defficancy -anti-folate drugs -cytotoxic Non - megloblastic - reticulocytois - heamolysis - alcohol and liver disease - hypothyroidism - myelodysplasia
Cause of iron defficancy anemia
- Blood loss - GI, gyne, Hookworms, urinary tract
- Increased utilisation: pregnancy
- Decreased intake: prem,
- Decreased absorption: coleiac, chrons, post gastric surgery
Clinical features of b12 defficancy
Lemon tinge: pallor and mild jaundice
Glossitis - beefy red tongue
Neuro: paresthesia, peripheral neuropathy, optic atrophy, subacute combined degeneration of the cord
What is pernicious anemia
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis caused by auto-antibodies to parietal cells or Intrisic factor
APTT
Test intrinsic and common pathway
High - lupus, haemophilia, vWD, unfractionared heparin
PT
Test extrinsic and common pathway
Increased in warfin/ Vit k defficancy, hepatic failure, DIC
Bleeding time
Platlet function
Definition of anemia
HB: men under 13.5g/l, women under 11.5g/L
Thrombin time
Finrinogen function
Causes of platelet dysfucntion
Decreased production e.g. BM failure
Increased destruction: ITP, SLE
Functional defect: acquired - drugs,
Indication for a thrombophillia screen
Aterial thrombosis under 50 Venous thrombosis under 40 with no risk factors Familial VTE Unexplained recurrent VTE Unsual site of thrombosis Recurrent foetal loss
What is multiple myeloma
Clonal proliferation of plasma cells
Can produce monoclonal Ig
Clinical features of multiple myeloma
Calcium: thirst, groans, moans, stone, bones
Renal failure: Amyloidosis, nephrotic syndrome
Anemia
Bones - bone pain and pathological fracture
X-Ray feature of multiple myeloma
Punched out lytic lesions
Pepper pot skull
Vetebral collapse
Fracture
What is essential thrombocytopenia
Myeloproflierative disorder where megakaryocytes dominate the bone marrow
Amyloidosis
Group of disorder characterised by extra cellular deposits of a protein in a normal fibrillar form that is resistant to degradation
