Neuro 460 Exam 2

Question 1

Alpha brain wave

Answer 1

Small- medium amplitude high frequency
Awake relaxed

Question 2

Beta brain wave

Answer 2

High frequency tiny amplitude
Most awake and alert

Question 3

Delta brain wave

Answer 3

Large amplitude and low frequency happens during N3

Question 4

Theta brain wave

Answer 4

Large amplitude and super slow frequency

Question 5

Absons seizure (clinical EEG)

Question 6

Sleep promoters

Answer 6

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus inhibit gaba and galanin ascending activating network

GABAergic in median preoptic nucleus

Connection between ventrolateral preoptic neurons and ascending activating system can flip flop sleep wake.

Question 7

Wake promotors

Answer 7

Glutamatergic parabrachial pedunculopoontine nucleus
Cholinerginc nucleus I. Basal for brain
Dopamanergic neurons in VTA vPAG
Glutamanergic and gaba Iin supramammilary nucleus
LC/noradrenergic
Serotonergic/ dorsal raphe
Histaminergic/tubermammilary nucleus
Cholinergic peduncular pontine nucleus
Orexinergic lateral hypothalamus

Question 8

REM Off

Answer 8

Norad sero and hista decrease ahead of rem sleep

Question 9

REM On

Answer 9

Chol increases ahead of rem

Question 10

REM EEG pattern generated by

Answer 10

Glut in subceruleus region (pons)
Glut and chol in parabrachial and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei
That go to thalamus and brain stem

Question 11

Circadian rhythm areas

Answer 11

Suprachiasmatic nucleus most active during daily light period

Sends neurons (gaba) to subparaventricular zone in the anterior hypothalamus which then regulates the hypothalamus physiology and behavior systems

Including importantly the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus which is sleep wake

The dorsomedial neurons use gaba to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus and glutamate to the lateral hypothalamus

Question 12

REM paralysis

Answer 12

Glut in subceruleus via projection to ventromedial medulla
GABA and glyc neurons that hyper polarize motor neurons
The subcerelus is deactivated during the day by gaba from peri aqueductal Grey

Also visa versa inhibition can account for in and out of rem

Nor and sero can also inhibit subceruleus which can refuse rem sleep

Question 13

Insomnia

Answer 13

EEG high frequency continues
PET high arousal activity
Treatment CBT and drug treatment

Question 14

Sleep Apnea

Answer 14

Breathing stopping at night which wakes and disrupts sleep

Happens the most in rem

Treatment CPAP removal of tonsils etc…

Question 15

Narcolepsy

Answer 15

Sleep attacks
Treatment stimulants Modafinal TCA
Loss of orexinergic neurons messes up REM and NREM and Sleep switch

Can go directly into rem sleep

Also loss of hypothalamic neuron that produce hypocretin

Question 16

RLS

Answer 16

Iron deficiency and dopamine 2 agonists opioids

Wanting to move legs a lot

Question 17

Parasomnias

Answer 17

Occur during N3
Sleep walking/ talking
For short events synchronized low frequency

For long has higher frequency

Question 18

Areas high in aromatase

Answer 18

Bed nucleus of striA terminalis
Medial amygdala
Preoptic hypothalamus